Dogfish Gelatin

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley E. Geiger ◽  
Eve Roberts ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Wet Weight

Gelatin has been prepared from the skin and skeleton (separately) of the dogfish, Squalus suckleyi. The gelling and melting points of a 10% solution were 15 and 22 °C respectively, for gelatin from skin, and 14 and 23 °C for that from skeleton. The skin gelatin contained 16.3%, total nitrogen, 6.4% hydroxyproline, and 0.28% tyrosine. The corresponding values for skeleton gelatin were 15.7, 8.8, and 0.29%. Yields of gelatin were low, being 7% from skin and 2% from skeleton on a wet-weight basis.

UREA FOR THE PRESERVATION OF MOIST HAY IN BIG ROUND BALES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BÉLANGER ◽  
A.-M. ST-LAURENT ◽  
C. A. ESAU ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
R. E. McQUEEN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Urea Addition

Urea was evaluated in two experiments as a preservative of moist grass hay stored in big round bales. Three levels of urea: 0, 24 and 46 g urea kg−1 forage (wet weight basis) were applied to hay at two moisture levels (23 and 29%) in exp. 1. The effects of applying 40 g urea per kilogram forage having 23% moisture and of a plastic cover over the bales during storage were evaluated in exp. 2. Hay baled at 29% moisture in exp. 1 lost more moisture during storage, had a greater temperature increase and a higher ratio of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen to total nitrogen after storage than hay baled at 23% moisture. The addition of urea at a rate of 40 g kg−1 forage and above (wet weight basis) reduced microbial activity as indicated by lower bale temperatures during storage, subsequent lower cell wall concentration after storage and visual appraisal even though less than 45% of the urea was hydrolyzed. Urea addition also improved the digestibility of moist hay. The nitrogen content of hay was increased by approximately 14.5 g kg−1. The plastic cover over the bales did not increase the effect of urea even though it slightly reduced the ammonia loss to the air. Key words: Urea, moist hay, round bales, preservation

On the Chemical Form of Mercury in Edible Fish and Marine Invertebrate Tissue

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas S. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Total Mercury ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence ◽  
Saltwater Fish ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Wet Weight

Total mercury, monomethylmercury (CH3Hg), and dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg) in edible muscle were examined in 229 samples, representing seven freshwater and eight saltwater fish species and several species of marine invertebrates using ultraclean techniques. Total mercury was determined by hot HNO3/H2SO4/BrClldigestion, SnCl2 reduction, purging onto gold, and analysis by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). Methylmercury was determined by KOH/methanol digestion using aqueous phase ethylation, cryogenic gas chromatography, and CVAFS detection. Total mercury and CH3Hg concentrations varied from 0.011 to 2.78 μg∙g−1 (wet weight basis, as Hg) for all samples, while no sample contained detectable (CH3)2Hg (<0.001 μg∙g−1 as Hg). The observed proportion of total mercury (as CH3Hg) ranged from 69 to 132%, with a relative standard deviation for quintuplicate analysis of about 10%; nearly all of this variability can be explained by the analytical variability of total mercury and CH3Hg. Poorly homogenized samples showed greater variability, primarily because total mercury and CH3Hg were measured on separate aliquots, which vary in mercury concentration, not speciation. I conclude that for all species studied, virtually ail (>95%) of the mercury present is as CH3Hg and that past reports of substantially lower CH3Hg fractions may have been biased by analytical and homogeneity variability.

scholarly journals THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF RHODOPSIN AND THE NATURE OF THE RHODOPSIN-DIGITONIN COMPLEX

1954 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sedimentation Behavior ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Single Boundary ◽  
Stoichiometric Complex

The sedimentation behavior of aqueous solutions of digitonin and of cattle rhodopsin in digitonin has been examined in the ultracentrifuge. In confirmation of earlier work, digitonin was found to sediment as a micelle (D-1) with an s20 of about 6.35 Svedberg units, and containing at least 60 molecules. The rhodopsin solutions sediment as a stoichiometric complex of rhodopsin with digitonin (RD-1) with an s20 of about 9.77 Svedberg units. The s20 of the RD-1 micelle is constant between pH 6.3 and 9.6, and in the presence of excess digitonin. RD-1 travels as a single boundary also in the electrophoresis apparatus at pH 8.5, and on filter paper at pH 8.0. The molecular weight of the RD-1 micelle lies between 260,000 and 290,000. Of this, only about 40,000 gm. are due to rhodopsin; the rest is digitonin (180 to 200 moles). Comparison of the relative concentrations of RD-1 and retinene in solutions of rhodopsin-digitonin shows that RD-1 contains only one retinene equivalent. It can therefore contain only one molecule of rhodopsin with a molecular weight of about 40,000. Cattle rhodopsin therefore contains only one chromophore consisting of a single molecule of retinene. It is likely that frog rhodopsin has a similar molecular weight and also contains only one chromophore per molecule. The molar extinction coefficient of rhodopsin is therefore identical with the extinction coefficient per mole of retinene (40,600 cm.2 per mole) and the E(1 per cent, 1 cm., 500 mµ) has a value of about 10. Rhodopsin constitutes about 14 per cent of the dry weight, and 3.7 per cent of the wet weight of cattle outer limbs. This corresponds to about 4.2 x 106 molecules of rhodopsin per outer limb. The rhodopsin content of frog outer limbs is considerably higher: about 35 per cent of the dry weight, and 10 per cent of the wet weight, corresponding to about 2.1 x 109 molecules per outer limb. Thus the frog outer limb contains about five hundred times as much rhodopsin as the cattle outer limb. But the relative volumes of these structures are such that the ratio of concentrations is only about 2.5 to 1 on a weight basis. Rhodopsin accounts for at least one-fifth of the total protein of the cattle outer limb; for the frog, this value must be higher. The extinction (K500) along its axis is about 0.037 cm.2 for the cattle outer limb, and about 0.50 cm.2 for the frog outer limb.

Isolation and assay of dipalmityl lecithin in lung extracts

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material ◽  
Surface Balance

Lung extracts were obtained by either mincing the lungs in saline or by washing the lung with saline through the trachea. The surface tensions of the extracts on compression to 10% of the original area in a surface balance decreased to 7.5 ± 2.1 dynes/cm for rabbits, 10.0 ± 1.8 dynes/cm for dogs, and 6.8 ± 3.8 dynes/cm for man. The surface-active material in the extracts was completely precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. Ethyl or methyl alcohol extracted the activity from the precipitate. By concentrating and chilling the alcohol extract, a very surface-active white precipitate was obtained which was identified as dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline by melting point, chemical analysis, and paper chromatography. Cadmium chloride also precipitated a surface-active complex from the alcohol extract which was identified chemically as dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline. The quantity of hydrolecithin extracted from the lungs was 0.09–0.18% on a wet weight basis. No evidence of the presence of sphingomyelin or other surface-active phospholipid was obtained.

Fecal Nickel Excretion by Healthy Adults

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Horak ◽  
F William Sunderman
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Hospital Workers ◽  
Major Route ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluations

Abstract Nickel was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in three-day collections of feces from healthy hospital workers (age 22-65) who had lived for more than a year in Hartford, Connecticut. None of the 10 subjects (4/♂ , 6/♀.) had occupational exposure to nickel. Fecal nickel averaged 3.3 µg/g (wet weight); SD, ±0.8; and range, 2.1 to 4.4 µg/g. Corresponding figures on a dry-weight basis were 14.2 µg/g; SD, ±2.7; and range, 10.8 to 18.7 µg/g. The fecal excretion of nickel averaged 258 µg/day (SD, ±126; range, 80 to 540 µg/day). Fecal excretion is evidently the major route for elimination of nickel from the human body. Comprehensive evaluations of environmental or occupational exposures to nickel should also include analyses of nickel in serum, urine, and hair.

The fat-free dry matter of epididymal adipose tissue in relation to metabolic activity

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-917
Author(s):  
Luc Trahan ◽  
Edouard Pagé
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Right

In rats exposed to cold over a 5-week period there occurs a rise and then a partial return to initial values of the fat-free dry matter content of epididymal adipose tissue. The fat-free dry matter is also slightly higher in the right fat pad. Under such circumstances there may be some advantage in expressing metabolic activity in terms of fat-free dry matter rather than on a wet weight basis. Both methods are equally satisfactory in control rats.

scholarly journals BUTYLTIN RESIDUES IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE EASTERN GULF OF THAILAND

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Nichaya Praditsup ◽  
Gullaya Wattayakorn
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Gulf Of Thailand ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Butyltin Compounds

Concentrations of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) compounds were analyzed in surface sediment samples collected from twelve stations along the Eastern Gulf of Thailand. The total butyltin (∑BTs) concentrations ranged between <1 and 109.7 ng g (dry weight). The overall concentration ranges found in the sediments were from <1 to 79.81 ng g-1 for MBT, from <1 to 9.5 ng g -1 for DBT, and from <1 to 29.8 ng g-1 for TBT, on a dry weight basis. MBT generally prevailed in most of the samples, suggesting the occurrence of old inputs of butyltin compounds in the area. Butyltin compounds were also measured in Nassarius sp., where ∑BTs concentrations were found to range between <1 and 238 ng g-1 (wet weight). The level of butyltin compounds in gastropod tissue samples tended to be related to that of the sediments and percentage of imposex incidence.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fresh Mushroom Compost

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Fidanza ◽  
David L. Sanford ◽  
David M. Beyer ◽  
David J. Aurentz
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Wet Weight

Fresh mushroom compost is a byproduct of the edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) industry and represents the composted growing substrate that remains after a crop has been harvested to completion. Thirty samples were obtained from commercial mushroom farms in southeastern Pennsylvania and sent to a laboratory for analysis to determine plant nutrient content, bulk density, and particle size distribution of fresh mushroom compost. Fresh mushroom compost had an average pH of 6.6, with an average carbon:nitrogen ratio of 13:1. Organic matter content averaged 25.86% (wet weight), 146.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 60.97% (dry weight). For the primary macronutrients, average total nitrogen content averaged 1.12% (wet weight), 6.40 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.65% (dry weight), phosphorus measured 0.29% (wet weight), 1.67 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 0.69% (dry weight), and potassium was 1.04% (wet weight), 5.89 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.44% (dry weight). Average soluble salt content was 13.30 mmho/cm (wet weight basis). However, on a per acre basis, the calculated sodium absorption ratio of 0.38 was considered very low. The average bulk density of fresh mushroom compost was 574.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume basis), and 91% of the material measured ≤3/8 inch in diameter as determined on a wet weight basis. Overall, fresh mushroom compost is suitable as a natural organic fertilizer and soil amendment for agriculture and horticulture.

scholarly journals The Influence of Alginate and CaCl2 concentration Towards Betacyanin content and Antioxidant Activity of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) restructuring product

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Wira Wanti Bangalino ◽  
Lydia Ninan Lestario ◽  
Cucun Alep Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Cacl2 Concentration ◽  
Hylocereus Polyrhizus

<p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alginate and CaCl2 concentration of antioxidant activity and betacyanin content of restructuring product of red dragon fruit, and to determine the best formulation of the product restructuring that produces antioxidant activity and the content of the highest betacyanin on product restructuring. Data were analyzed by 4x2 Factorial Design and Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications. As the first factor is the alginate concentration which are 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 %. The second factors are calcium cloride (CaCl2 ) 0.5 % and 0.75 %, while as the block is the time analysis. To test the differences between treatments means, the Honestly Significant of Differences (HSD) were used at 5% level of significant.The results showed that the higher concentrations of alginate and CaCl2 causes declining content of antioxidant activity and betacyanin, the best results are obtained is at a concentration of 2% alginate and CaCl2 0.5% with betacyanin levels 0.537 ± 0.062 mg/g dry weight basis and 0.132 ± 0.011 mg / g wet weight basis. The antioxidant activity of H. polyrhyzus restructuring amounted to 77.452% ± 0.624. ©2016 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.</p>

scholarly journals 137Cs, 40K, and K in raw and stir-fried mushrooms from the Boletaceae family from the Midu region in Yunnan, Southwest China

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (26) ◽  
pp. 32509-32517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Falandysz ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Michał Saniewski
Keyword(s):  
Southwest China ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Wild Mushrooms ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The parallel batches of the same species and geographical origin mushrooms both raw and stir-fried were investigated to get an insight into the content and intake of 137Cs, 40K, and K from mushroom meals. The Boletaceae family species (Baorangia bicolor, Boletus bainiugan, Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Retiboletus griseus, Rugiboletus extremiorientalis, and Sutorius magnificus) were collected from the Midu County (Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture) in 2018. The activity concentrations of 137Cs in the caps of dried raw mushrooms were in the range 14 ± 1 Bq kg−1 dry biomass (db) (R. griseus) to 34 ± 2 Bq kg−1 db (R. extremiorientalis), and in stems from 16 ± 1 Bq kg−1 db (B. bicolor and B. bainiugan) to 23 ± 1 Bq kg-1 db (R. extremiorientalis). The mean activity concentration in the whole fruiting bodies in all six species was 18 ± 4 Bq kg-1 db. The activity concentrations of 137Cs were roughly the same in both dehydrated materials, stir-fried, and raw mushrooms, while the contents of 40K and stable K were around 2- to 3-fold smaller in stir-fried than raw product. The raw and stir-fried mushrooms on a whole (wet) weight basis showed activity concentrations of 137Cs in the range from 1.2 to 3.2 Bq kg−1 ww (mean 1.9 ± 0.6 Bq kg−1 ww) and 6.0 to 9.4 Bq kg−1 ww (mean 7.0 ± 1.2 Bq kg−1 ww), respectively. Evidently, when expressed on a whole (wet) weight basis, the cooked mushrooms showed on average around 3.5-fold greater activity concentration of 137Cs when compared with raw mushrooms. The 137Cs, 40K, and total K enrichment in stir-frying (in a whole (wet) weight basis for the meal), confronted with the results for dehydrated raw and fried mushrooms, show the direct correlation with loss of mass (largely moisture) during the cooking procedure but not much of 137Cs and 40K. Edible wild mushrooms from Yunnan were little contaminated with radiocaesium. As assessed, the mean radioactivity dose from natural 40K in around 9.3-fold exceeded the dose obtained for artificial 137Cs from stir-fried mushroom meals, which both were very low doses.

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