"Residual" and kokanee salmon in Cultus lake

1938 ◽  
Vol 4a (3) ◽  
pp. 192-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Anadromous Fish ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Rate Of Growth

The sockeye salmon in Cultus lake are of three kinds: (1) the normal anadromous stock, (2) a "residual" group, not anadromous, but largely or perhaps wholly the progeny of anadromous fish, and (3) a stock of non-anadromous kokanee, which have no known connection with the anadromous or residual fish at the present time. Morphological and physiological peculiarities distinguish the three kinds of sockeye at maturity. In the segregation of the progeny of a spawning of anadromous fish into migrant and residual groups, rate of growth and sex play a determining role.

Sounding Response of the Kokanee and Sockeye Salmon

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Harvey ◽  
W. S. Hoar ◽  
C. R. Bothern
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Gas Loss ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking

When frightened, sockeye and kokanee salmon dive into deeper waters. This is termed the "sounding response."The sounding response in these fish is accompanied by the expulsion of gas from the swimbladder via the pneumatic duct. This gas loss is active and results from the contraction of the circular muscle fibers in the wall of the swimbladder.Gas loss on sounding is reduced or obviated after exposure to adrenergic blocking agents and enhanced in fish treated with sympathomimetics. Circular muscle fibers in intact and isolated strips of swimbladder contracted in response to sympathomimetics, but this response was prevented after adrenergic blockade. These results suggest the concentration of the swimbladder and associated gas expulsion is under adrenergic control.In untreated fish, an average pressure of 28.1 mm Hg was required to force gas out of the swimbladder through the pneumatic duct. In antropine-treated fish this duct-release pressure fell to an average of 0.2 mm Hg. This suggests constriction of the pneumatic duct is under cholinergic control.Histologically, the pneumatic duct was continuous with the oesophagus and extended as a convoluted duct to the anterior end of the swimbladder. Smooth muscle fibers surrounded the duct along its length and some striated fibers were present at the point where the duct joined the oesophagus. Occlusion of the pneumatic duct may be through the contraction of either of these types of fibers.The term "Gasspuckreflex" as originally used by Franz described the loss of gas from the swimbladder of physostomes in response to decompression. The authors suggest this term be reserved for this passive loss of gas, and not applied to fright-induced gas loss, resulting from active contraction of the bladder wall.

Proliferative kidney disease and Sphaerospora oncorhynchi in wild-caught salmonids from the Puntledge River system, Vancouver Island, British Columbia

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Kent ◽  
M. Higgins ◽  
D.J. Whitaker ◽  
H. Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Sexually Mature

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the PKX myxosporean, was observed in kokanee salmon (non-anadromous sockeye salmon) (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) collected from the Puntledge River, Vancouver Island, British Columbia in July 1993. This is the first report of a natural infection of PKX in either captive or wild sockeye salmon. All 14 underyearling kokanee salmon and the one underyearling chinook salmon exhibited numerous PKX organisms and associated chronic inflammation in the renal interstitium. Thirty-eight percent of sexually mature kokanee salmon collected in the autumn of 1993 from Comox Lake (which drains into the Puntledge River) were infected with Sphaerospora oncorhynchi, Kent, Whitaker and Margolis, 1993 in the renal tubules, while immature cutthroat trout (O. clarki) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) from the same collection did not exhibit myxosporean spores in the kidney. The kidneys of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) collected from the Puntledge River during the summer were all infected with a Myxobilatus sp., but no organisms suggestive of PKX or Sphaerospora were observed. This study further supports the hypothesis that PKX is a developmental stage of S. oncorhynchi, which may sporulate only in sexually mature salmonids.

Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Secchi Depth ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Compensation Depth ◽  
Large Populations

<em>Abstract.</em>—Snake River sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka </em>once inhabited five prealpine lakes in the Sawtooth Valley, Idaho, but are presently reduced to the Redfish Lake stock. Declining returns to Redfish Lake in the 1980s prompted the National Marine Fisheries Service to list Snake River sockeye salmon as endangered under the Endangered Species Act, and a multi-agency effort was initiated in 1991 to prevent their extinction. The recovery effort focused on the development of a captive broodstock coupled with evaluation and enhancement of nursery lake habitats. Large populations of nonendemic kokanee salmon <em>O. nerka </em>and the oligotrophic conditions of these lakes raised concerns about overstocking sockeye salmon and causing the collapse of macrozooplankton populations. To minimize these risks and to improve sockeye salmon forage production, the Shoshone- Bannock Tribes initiated a 4-year nutrient enrichment program in Redfish Lake. Liquid fertilizer (20:1, N:P by wt) was added weekly during the growing season from 1995 to 1998 to the surface of Redfish Lake with Stanley Lake (unfertilized) acting as a control. During the fertilization of Redfish Lake, Secchi depth decreased by 13% and compensation depth by 24%, while increases were observed for surface chlorophyll <em>a </em>(106%) and primary production (117%). Uniformity of phytoplankton communities throughout the experiment indicated that the Redfish Lake food web was efficient (without major carbon sinks) and improved forage conditions for macrozooplankton. Total macrozooplankton biomass increased 31%, and <em>Daphnia </em>spp<em>. </em>biomass increased by 225%, simultaneous to a 26% increase in <em>O. nerka </em>density. Also, during fertilization, overwinter survival of supplemented sockeye salmon increased 192% in Redfish Lake. However, meteorological conditions were partly responsible for these changes. In unfertilized Stanley Lake, during the same time periods, Secchi depth declined 27%, and compensation depth was reduced by 28%; chlorophyll <em>a </em>increased 16%, primary production increased 14%, and zooplankton biomass was stable. These changes highlight the importance of climate (meteorological forcing) and the need for a control when attempting to identify impacts from lake fertilization. Disproportionately larger increases in Redfish Lake chlorophyll <em>a</em>, primary productivity, and zooplankton biomass relative to observed changes in Stanley Lake provide evidence for the efficacy of nutrient supplementation in Redfish Lake.

Otolith mass as a predictor of age in kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from four Colorado reservoirs

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1569-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. Lepak ◽  
C. Nathan Cathcart ◽  
Mevin B. Hooten
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Machine Learning Technique ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Learning Technique

Estimating ages of individuals in fish populations is crucial for determining characteristics necessary to effectively manage sport fisheries. Currently, the most accepted approach for fish age determination is using thin sectioned otoliths for interpretation. This method is labor-intensive, requires extensive training, and subjectively determines age. Several studies have shown that otolith mass increases with age, yet use of otolith mass to determine fish age is relatively underutilized. However, determining fish age using otolith mass requires relatively little training, is relatively nonsubjective, and is faster compared with other aging techniques. We collected kokanee salmon (i.e., landlocked sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka ) in 2004 from four reservoirs and from 2000 to 2009 in one reservoir to evaluate the efficacy of using otolith mass to determine fish ages. We used a machine learning technique to predict kokanee salmon ages using otolith mass and various other covariates. Our findings suggest this method has potential to substantially reduce time and financial resources required to age fish. We conclude that using otolith mass to determine fish age may represent an efficient and accurate approach for some species.

Use of Otolith Microchemistry to Discriminate Oncorhynchus nerka of Resident and Anadromous Origin

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Rieman ◽  
D. L. Myers ◽  
R. L. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Otolith Microchemistry ◽  
Anadromous Fish ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Life History Patterns ◽  
Freshwater Environments

We used a wavelength dispersive microprobe to describe patterns in otolith microchemistry of sockeye salmon (Oncorhyncbus nerka). Patterns in Sr/Ca ratios in transects across otoliths were consistent with changes in environmental chemistry associated with life history. The patterns we observed were consistent with those described for other salmonids. We found that Sr/Ca ratios in otolith primordia of fish of known anadromous origin were significantly higher than those in otolith primordia of fish of known resident origin. However, variation among samples was associated with differences in chemistry of the freshwater environments. These differences could confound attempts to discriminate sympatric resident and anadromous forms in lakes where Sr/Ca ratios are high. Samples used to discriminate origin of emigrants from Redfish Lake, Idaho, confirmed the presence of both resident and anadromous fish, but the two groups were not clearly resolved. Otolith microchemistry has the potential to determine the parental origin of O. nerka and to describe life history patterns, but may not clearly identify all individuals in all lakes. More work is needed to determine the inherent variability among individuals and among populations and to determine the influence that migration, spawning, and incubation environments have on the chemistry of otoliths.

scholarly journals Age composition of Chukchi sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

2014 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-31
Author(s):  
Elena V. Golub’
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
River System ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Reproductive Part

Long-term data on age composition for Chukchi populations of sockeye salmon are presented. Spawners of 23 ages are recognized in the period 1970-2013 for 10 populations: 2+, 3+, 0.1+, 0.2+, 0.3+, 0.4+, 0.5+, 1.1+, 1.2+, 1.3+, 1.4+, 1.5+, 2.1+, 2.2+, 2.3+, 2.4+, 2.5+, 3.1+, 3.2+, 3.3+, 3.4+, 4.2+, and 4.3+. The brood stock basis is formed by five- and six-year fish of 1-2-year freshwater feeding and 3-year marine feeding. The greatest diversity in the age composition is observed at the northern limit of the Asian sockeye salmon natural habitat - i.e. in the Seutakan and Achchen lake-river systems. The spawners dropped into the sea at the age of 0+ and 1+ years are more common in the populations with prevailing limnophilous forms of sockeye (rivers Khatyrka, Tumanskaya and Anadyr, Seutakan lake-river system), and the spawners dropped at the age 2+ and 3+ years - in the populations with domination of its rheophilous form (Meinypilgyn lake-river system, Orianda and Amaam lagoons). As compared with the sockeye salmon from central spawning areas of the habitat, the Chukchi sockeye has more complicated age composition of reproductive part of stocks, greater duration of marine feeding, females predominance among fast-maturing fish returning after 2 years of marine life, higher portion of males in senior age groups, and minor level of kokanee salmon and jacks. Brief description of spawning and/or feeding ponds for Chukchi sockeye salmon is presented.

scholarly journals Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing panel development and application to inform kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fisheries management at multiple scales

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261966
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Chang ◽  
Hillary G. M. Ward ◽  
Michael A. Russello
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
High Concordance ◽  
Migratory Form ◽  
Mixed Stock

The ability to differentiate life history variants is vital for estimating fisheries management parameters, yet traditional survey methods can be inaccurate in mixed-stock fisheries. Such is the case for kokanee, the freshwater resident form of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), which exhibits various reproductive ecotypes (stream-, shore-, deep-spawning) that co-occur with each other and/or anadromous O. nerka in some systems across their pan-Pacific distribution. Here, we developed a multi-purpose Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) panel of 288 targeted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to enable accurate kokanee stock identification by geographic basin, migratory form, and reproductive ecotype across British Columbia, Canada. The GT-seq panel exhibited high self-assignment accuracy (93.3%) and perfect assignment of individuals not included in the baseline to their geographic basin, migratory form, and reproductive ecotype of origin. The GT-seq panel was subsequently applied to Wood Lake, a valuable mixed-stock fishery, revealing high concordance (>98%) with previous assignments to ecotype using microsatellites and TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays, while improving resolution, extending a long-term time-series, and demonstrating the scalability of this approach for this system and others.

Economic Growth: New Problems and New Risks

2006 ◽  
pp. 20-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rate Of Growth

The economic growth, which is underway in Russia, raises new questions to be addressed. How to improve the quality of growth, increasing the role of new competitive sectors and transforming them into the driving force of growth? How can progressive structural changes be implemented without hampering the rate of growth in general? What are the main external and internal risks, which may undermine positive trends of development? The author looks upon financial, monetary and foreign exchange aspects of the problem and comes up with some suggestions on how to make growth more competitive and sustainable.

Role of estuarine rearing for sockeye salmon in Alaska (USA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 481 ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Simmons ◽  
TP Quinn ◽  
LW Seeb ◽  
DE Schindler ◽  
R Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon
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