Synchrony in marine growth among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Johan Jensen ◽  
Peder Fiske ◽  
Lars Petter Hansen ◽  
Bjørn Ove Johnsen ◽  
Kjell Arne Mork ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Second Year

More synchronous growth was observed between close, than more distantly separated populations of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ), during both the first and the second year at sea. The marine growth of seven Norwegian populations, located between 60°N and 70°N, were correlated with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Barents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the North Sea, and it was found that growth correlated best with the water temperatures in the area located closest to their home river. Growth was also compared with three broad-scale climate indices (North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and subpolar gyre), with the strongest relationship occurring with the NAO index. However, SSTs explained more of the variability than the climatic indices did. Growth increment for the first year, but not the second year, was higher for southern than northern populations, mainly because of later smolt migration to sea in the north, and hence, a shorter growth season. For multi-sea-winter fish, all populations except one had a negative trend in growth with years for both the first and the second year at sea. For the second year at sea, this was most pronounced after the beginning of the 1980s. This is in accordance with the negative trend in pre-fishery abundance of adult salmon during the same period.

A model for estimating mortality of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, between spawning events

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1635-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bradford Hubley ◽  
A. Jamie F. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate annual mortality of repeat-spawning Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, that distinguishes between mortality rates and the confounding effects of consecutive-year and alternate-year repeat-spawning strategies. The model provides annual estimates of two mortality rates: mortality in the first year (Z1), a time period during which salmon are primarily in freshwater (staging, spawning, and overwintering) followed by a brief period at sea, and mortality in the second year (Z2) when salmon are predominantly at sea. When fit to data for the LaHave River (Nova Scotia, Canada) salmon population, Z1 showed an increasing trend throughout the time series, whereas Z2 also increased but in a single, stepwise manner. Once a time series of mortality rates was separated from the other life-history parameters, we were able to demonstrate how they could be used for examining the influence of environmental conditions by comparing the estimated mortality rate time series with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). This comparison uncovered a statistically significant correlation between the NAOI and the survival in the second year after spawning that would not have been evident had the mortality estimation model not been developed.

scholarly journals Temporal synchrony and variation in abundance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in two subarctic Barents Sea rivers: influence of oceanic conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2384-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eero Niemelä ◽  
Jaakko Erkinaro ◽  
J Brian Dempson ◽  
Markku Julkunen ◽  
Alexander Zubchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Large River ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North

Long-term variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks was analyzed in two Barents Sea rivers, the Teno and Näätämöjoki, that represent the northernmost distribution area of the species. In contrast to most of the North Atlantic area, these rivers are among a group of northern salmon rivers that, despite wide annual variation in catches, demonstrate no consistent trend for declining abundance. Variations in abundance were generally synchronous for the total catch and numbers of 1-sea-winter (1SW) and 2SW salmon during period of 1972–2003. Part of the variation observed in catches could be related to ocean climate conditions as the mean seawater temperature in July during the year of smoltification for the Kola section of the Barents Sea was significantly related to numbers of 1SW, 2SW, and 3SW salmon in the large River Teno. In contrast, NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) indices were not related to salmon catches. The latest increase (1999–2001) in salmon catches in these rivers reflects both temporarily improved oceanic conditions and past management measures affecting offshore, coastal, and river fisheries.

Long-term changes in migration timing of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the southern edge of the species distribution

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2392-2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Juanes ◽  
Stephen Gephard ◽  
Kenneth F Beland
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Term Changes

The Connecticut River historically represented the southernmost extent of the North American range of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but the native population was extirpated 200 years ago by dam construction. An extensive restoration effort has relied upon stock transfers from more northerly rivers, especially the Penobscot River (Maine). Recent work has shown differences in age structure between donor and derivative populations. Here we focus on a related life-history trait, the timing of the adult migration. We examined 23 years of migration timing data collected at two capture locations in the Connecticut River drainage. We found that both dates of first capture and median capture dates have shifted significantly earlier by about 0.5 days·year–1. To conclude whether this is a consequence of local adaptation or a coast-wide effect, we also quantified changes in migration timing of more northerly stocks (in Maine and Canada). We found that the changes in migration timing were not unique to the Connecticut River stock and instead observed coherent patterns in the shift towards earlier peak migration dates across systems. These consistent shifts are correlated with long-term changes in temperature and flow and may represent a response to global climate change.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Piscine orthoreovirus Genome Linked to Emergence of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kannimuthu Dhamotharan ◽  
Torstein Tengs ◽  
Øystein Wessel ◽  
Stine Braaen ◽  
Ingvild B. Nyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Muscle Inflammation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Associated Pair ◽  
Viral Sequences ◽  
Selection Of

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was first diagnosed in Norway in 1999. The disease is caused by Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1). The virus is prevalent in farmed Atlantic salmon, but not always associated with disease. Phylogeny and sequence analyses of 31 PRV-1 genomes collected over a 30-year period from fish with or without HSMI, grouped the viral sequences into two main monophylogenetic clusters, one associated with HSMI and the other with low virulent PRV-1 isolates. A PRV-1 strain from Norway sampled in 1988, a decade before the emergence of HSMI, grouped with the low virulent HSMI cluster. The two distinct monophylogenetic clusters were particularly evident for segments S1 and M2. Only a limited number of amino acids were unique to the association with HSMI, and they all located to S1 and M2 encoded proteins. The observed co-evolution of the S1-M2 pair coincided in time with the emergence of HSMI in Norway, and may have evolved through accumulation of mutations and/or segment reassortment. Sequences of S1-M2 suggest selection of the HSMI associated pair, and that this segment pair has remained almost unchanged in Norwegian salmon aquaculture since 1997. PRV-1 strains from the North American Pacific Coast and Faroe Islands have not undergone this evolution, and are more closely related to the PRV-1 precursor strains not associated with clinical HSMI.

scholarly journals Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron D. Spares ◽  
Jeffery M. Reader ◽  
Michael J. W. Stokesbury ◽  
Tom McDermott ◽  
Lubomir Zikovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractSpares, A.D., Reader, J.M., Stokesbury, M.J.W., McDermott, T., Zikovsky, L., Avery, T.S., and Dadswell, M.J. 2007. Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 394–404. Atlantic salmon returning from marine migrations to eastern Canada and western Ireland during 2002 and 2003 were analysed for tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137 (137Cs). Salmon from Canadian and Irish waters demonstrated concentrations (0.20 ± 0.14 Bq kg−1 and 0.19 ± 0.09 Bq kg−1, mean ± s.d., respectively) suggesting similar oceanic feeding distributions during migration. Canadian aquaculture escapees had a similar mean tissue concentration (0.28 ± 0.22 Bq kg−1), suggesting migration with wild salmon. However, significantly higher concentrations in 1-sea-winter (1SW) escapees (0.43 ± 0.25 Bq kg−1) may alternatively suggest feeding within local estuaries. High concentrations in some Canadian 1SW salmon indicated trans-Atlantic migration. Low concentrations of Canadian multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon suggested a feeding distribution in the Labrador and Irminger Seas before homeward migration, because those regions have the lowest surface water 137Cs levels. Estimates of wild Canadian and Irish salmon feeding east of the Faroes (∼8°W) were 14.2% and 10.0% (1SW, 24.7% and 11.5%; MSW, 2.9% and 0.0%), respectively. We propose that most anadromous North Atlantic salmon utilize the North Atlantic Gyre for marine migration and should be classified as a single trans-Atlantic straddling stock.

Age at Sexual Maturity in Icelandic Stocks of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Scarnecchia
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Ocean Temperature ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
Second Year

For Icelandic stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in 77 rivers, the combination of June ocean temperature, length of river ascended by the salmon, discharge of the river in July–September, and latitude explained much of the variation in percentages of grilse — 72% for females and 62% for males. For both sexes, percentage of grilse was directly related to ocean temperature but inversely related to length of river, discharge of river, and latitude. For stocks in 23 Southwest Coast rivers, length of river explained 72% of the variation in percentage of females that were grilse. Females in stocks south of the thermal gradients separating Atlantic from Arctic or Polar water tended to return as grilse; females north of the gradients tended to return after more than one winter at sea. The decline in percentages of grilse clockwise from southwestern to northeastern rivers corresponded closely with the decline in June ocean temperatures between these areas. I hypothesize that the salmon stocks have adapted their age at sexual maturity to the length and discharge of the rivers, natural mortality rates during their second year at sea, and average expected ocean temperatures, reflecting conditions for growth and survival, that the smolts encounter. Age at maturity appears not to be a direct causal response to any of these physical factors, and appears best understood only with reference to the entire life history pattern of each stock.

The marine phase of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life cycle, with comparisons to Pacific salmon

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 104-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
L P Hansen ◽  
T P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are distributed over large areas in the north Atlantic Ocean. They usually move very quickly from freshwater to oceanic areas, whereas there is considerable variation among Pacific salmon in early marine movements. In some areas, Atlantic salmon of exploitable size are sufficiently abundant that commercial high seas fisheries have developed. Such areas are off west Greenland, where North American and European fish are harvested, and in the Norwegian Sea, north of the Faroe Islands, where mainly European fish are exploited. Atlantic salmon feed on a wide range of large crustaceans, pelagic fish, and squid in the marine environment, supporting the hypothesis that Atlantic salmon are opportunistic feeders. In the ocean the salmon grow relatively quickly and the sea age when they become sexually mature depends on both genetics and on growing conditions. Natural marine mortality of salmon is highest during the first few months at sea and the major mortality factor is probably predation. However, marine mortality of Atlantic salmon has increased in recent years, apparently correlated with a decline in sea surface temperatures. Similar relationships between environmental conditions and the growth and survival of Pacific salmon have been reported. Atlantic salmon life histories most closely mimic stream-type chinook salmon or steelhead trout among the Pacific species. Finally, Atlantic and Pacific salmon return to their home rivers with high precision and possible mechanisms controlling the oceanic homing migration are presented and discussed.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of CO-hemoglobin from the North Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1991 ◽  
Vol 220 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-830
Author(s):  
Rolf L. Larsen ◽  
Asbjørn Hordvik ◽  
Edward Hough ◽  
Knut Jynge ◽  
Lars Kr. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of benzamidine-inhibited trypsin from the north atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1990 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne O. Smal Ås ◽  
Asbjørn Hordvik ◽  
Lars Kr. Hansen ◽  
Edward Hough ◽  
Knut Jynge
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic
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