Potential methods for measuring the activity patterns and energy use of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gollock ◽  
Kristopher J. Hunter ◽  
Douglas A. Syme ◽  
Marcus Freeman ◽  
R. Scott McKinley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Wide Range

As there are no commercially available acoustic telemetry devices for quantifying the swimming activity and activity-related metabolic expenditures of a wide range of marine species, we (i) examined the suitability of three methods (electromyography; sonomicrometry; and tail differential pressure tags (DPT)) for measuring the swimming speed of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ), and indirectly, metabolic rate (MO2) and (ii) measured the activity pattern of free-swimming cod carrying the DPT. All three methods yielded significant relationships with swim speed during a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test. However, only the DPT was able to discern between swimming speed differences of 0.1 body lengths (BL)·s–1 and provide a strong relationship with MO2. Further, we found that free-swimming cod fitted with the DPT swam at an average speed of 0.33 BL·s–1, the speed previously reported to result in minimal cost of transport for this species. While the DPT has considerable potential for assessing the bioenergetics of marine fishes, the swimming economy of tagged Atlantic cod was lower above 0.4 BL·s–1 as compared with untagged fish, and Ucrit was reduced by 25%. These latter effects are likely related to the tag’s present size (39 g) and design.

Caudal differential pressure as a predictor of swimming speed of cod (Gadus morhua)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (20) ◽  
pp. 3561-3570
Author(s):  
D. M. Webber ◽  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
S. R. Kerr ◽  
M. J. Smale
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Highly Correlated

SUMMARY We report the results of an experiment designed to investigate the feasibility of using differential pressure to estimate the swimming speed and metabolic rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Seven cod were fitted with a miniature differential pressure sensor mounted on one side of the caudal peduncle immediately anterior to the base of the caudal fin rays. Relationships between differential pressure, tailbeat frequency, tailbeat amplitude, swimming speed and rate of oxygen consumption (ṀO2) were determined as a function of the swimming speed of cod swimming at 5°C in a recirculating ‘Brett-style’ respirometer. Tailbeat differential pressure, tailbeat amplitude and tailbeat frequency were highly correlated with swimming speed. The average or integrated pressure ranged from 0 to 150 Pa for speeds up to 0.8 m s–1 (1.1 L s–1, where L is total body length), while the ‘pressure difference’ (maximum minus minimum pressure) ranged from 0 to 900 Pa. Small changes in swimming speed of less than 0.05 m s–1 were readily detected as differences in tailbeat pressure. Burst swimming in the respirometer resulted in huge pressure ‘bursts’ of up to 5000 Pa ‘pressure difference’. The rate of oxygen consumption increased exponentially and was highly correlated with swimming speed (r2=0.77). The rate of oxygen consumption was also correlated with tailbeat integrated pressure (r2=0.68) and with differential pressure (r2=0.43); regression correlations were always greater for individuals than for combined data from all cod. The results detailed in this study indicate that an ultrasonic differential pressure transmitter would enable accurate estimates of the swimming speed, rates of oxygen consumption and activity patterns of free-ranging fish in nature.

Evidence for the Assumption of Independence between Gastric Emptying Rate and Swimming Activity Using Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2411-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Digestion Rate ◽  
Sufficient Magnitude

Juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, were forced to swim at speeds of 0.07, 0.6, and 1.2 body lengths/s after eating measured quantities of food. Higher speeds could not be maintained for more than 2 days. Only the highest speed caused a decrease in gastric emptying rate, but the decrease was not of sufficient magnitude to interfere with ration estimates based on digestion rate data. Key words: feeding, swimming speed, digestion rate

scholarly journals Differences in spawning time of captive Atlantic cod from four regions of Norway, kept under identical conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkon Otterå ◽  
Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt ◽  
Knut E. Jørstad
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Life History Parameters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Several hundred Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) were collected from selected spawning grounds along the Norwegian coast in March 2002. Four areas or regions that represent a wide range of environmental conditions were chosen for our breeding experiments: Porsangerfjord, Tysfjord, Helgeland, and Øygarden. Cod were transported to Øygarden near Bergen, individually tagged, and kept in sea cages. In both 2003 and 2004, a total of 40 family groups (adult pairs) representing the four regions were monitored for their spawning performance in separate tanks. During the spawning period, the quantity and diameter of eggs were recorded. During 2003, the time of peak spawning differed among groups. It was evident that the broodstock from the Øygarden region spawned about one month earlier than the broodstock collected from the Helgeland region. This also occurred in 2004, two years after the cod were collected, suggesting that the difference has a genetic component. Differences in life history parameters between cod populations, such as spawning cycles as described here, could be adaptive and under genetic control. This must be taken into consideration when assessing precautionary means of overcoming the problem with escapees from future cod mariculture.

Factors affecting the swimming endurance and catchability of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1200-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D Winger ◽  
Pingguo He ◽  
Stephen J Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Swimming Endurance

The swimming endurance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), native to the cold waters off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, was investigated under laboratory conditions. Using a swimming flume, endurance was tested at swimming speeds ranging from 0.6 to 1.3 m·s-1 using water temperatures from 0.0 to 9.8°C ( mean = 3.2°C, SD = 2.8) and fish lengths from 41.0 to 86.0 cm ( mean = 57.8 cm, SD = 10.5). The results revealed that swimming speed was the only significant factor affecting the endurance of cod. The maximum sustained swimming speed (Ums) was predicted to be 0.66 m·s-1. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using failure time analysis. The hazard, or risk of exhaustion, was found to increase rapidly with increasing swimming speed, i.e., there was a decrease in the probability of cod achieving a given swimming endurance. Probability curves for the endurance of cod were calculated for different swimming speeds. The findings suggest that the catching efficiency of commercially targeted cod (>41.0 cm) by otter trawls may be highly sensitive to changes in towing speed while being independent of both fish length and water temperature.

Changes in arterial PO2, physiological blood parameters and intracellular antioxidants in free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to varying levels of hyperoxia

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Karlsson ◽  
Lene Sørlie Heier ◽  
Bjørn Olav Rosseland ◽  
Brit Salbu ◽  
Anders Kiessling
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Arterial Po2

scholarly journals Atlantic cod Gadus morhua save energy on stone reefs: implications for the attraction versus production debate in relation to reefs

2020 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schwartzbach ◽  
JW Behrens ◽  
JC Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Access To Shelter ◽  
Sand Bottom

Reefs are structurally complex habitats that are degraded in numerous coastal areas. Structural complexity is often associated with elevated fish abundance, and recent studies have indicated that such structural complexity (e.g. reefs) not only acts as a fish aggregator, but also increases fish production. The objective of this study was to advance this knowledge by investigating if an underlying mechanism of the observed productivity is related to reduced metabolic rates (proxy for energy use) of fish in reef habitats. Using juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, we tested the hypothesis that fish energy use differs between fish occupying stone reef and sand bottom habitats. Metabolic rate (MO2) was estimated using intermittent flow respirometry in simulated stone reef and sand bottom habitats over 24 h. Results revealed that G. morhua in the stone reef habitat exhibited significantly reduced accumulated MO2 compared to G. morhua in the sand bottom habitat. Likewise, there was a tendency for lower mean standard metabolic rates of the fish in stone reefs, although this pattern was not statistically significant. There are many mechanisms that may underpin elevated productivity in structurally complex habitats such as reefs, including better access to shelter and increased food availability. Our study adds to these mechanisms by showing that G. morhua save energy when occupying stone reefs as compared to sandy bottoms, energy which may be allocated to somatic and gonadal growth.

Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod gadus morhua

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (19) ◽  
pp. 2779-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Webber ◽  
RG Boutilier ◽  
SR Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fisheries Biology

Adult Atlantic cod (2 kg Gadus morhua) were fitted with Doppler ultrasonic flow-probes to measure ventral aortic outflow (i.e. cardiac output). The probes remained patent for upwards of 3 months, during which time detailed relationships between cardiac output (), heart rate (fh) and rate of oxygen consumption (O2) were determined as a function of swimming speed and temperature (5 degreesC and 10 degreesC). The rate of oxygen consumption increased linearly with and exponentially with swimming speed. A very good correlation was observed between O2 and (r2=0.86) compared with the correlation between O2 and fh (r2=0.50 for all 10 degreesC data and r2=0.86 for all 5 degreesC data). However, the O2 versus fh correlation gradually improved over approximately 1 week after surgery (r2=0.86). The relationship between O2 and was independent of temperature, while the relationship between O2 and fh changed with temperature. Hence, calculating O2 from is simpler and does not require that temperature be recorded simultaneously. Variations in cardiac output were determined more by changes in stroke volume (Vs) than by fh; therefore, fh was a less reliable predictor of metabolic rate than was . Given that can be used to estimate O2 so faithfully, the advent of a cardiac output telemeter would enable robust estimates to be made of the activity metabolism of free-ranging fish in nature, thereby strengthening one of the weakest links in the bioenergetic models of fisheries biology.

scholarly journals Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating temperature conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Claireaux ◽  
D Webber ◽  
S Kerr ◽  
R Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), acclimated to 5 °C, were equipped with ultrasonic transmitters which allowed the continuous monitoring of their vertical movements and heart rate. Fish were then placed in a 125 m3 tower tank in which the various thermal conditions they encounter in their natural environment were reproduced. Physiological and behavioural responses of cod were followed in parallel to the induced environmental changes. The experimental conditions studied in the tower tank were also reproduced in a swimming respirometer, where oxygen consumption and heart rate could be monitored within the activity range of a free-swimming animal. In a homogeneous water column, a rise in temperature induced marked increases in fish swimming activity, heart rate and heart beat-to-beat variability. In a thermally stratified environment, voluntary activity also increased when the thermal structure of the water column was altered, though no temperature-dependent changes in heart rate were observed. In this case, fish avoided the new temperature conditions, exhibiting distinct thermoregulatory behaviour. Stratification of the water column also prompted daily cyclic changes in fish distribution, animals tending to be in deeper and colder water layers during the day and in shallower and warmer layers at night. Respirometry experiments revealed that the thermoregulatory behaviour observed in free-ranging fish was probably driven by the energetic expedient of maintaining the physiological status quo ­ i.e. avoiding bioenergically costly reacclimation processes. Indeed, acute temperature increases or decreases of 2.5 °C led to marked differences in oxygen consumption, with metabolic rate changes of 15 and 30 %, respectively. The persistent linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption allowed us to estimate, from the heart rate recorded in free-swimming fish, the entire range of metabolic responses that cod underwent voluntarily while experiencing a thermally stratified water column. The most profound metabolic effect, however, was observed with feeding, when oxygen consumption increased by as much as 80 %, resulting in an estimated 90 % reduction in their subsequent scope for activity.

scholarly journals ReCodLiver0.9: Overcoming Challenges in Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstruction of a Non-model Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Marie Hanna ◽  
Xiaokang Zhang ◽  
Marta Eide ◽  
Shirin Fallahi ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Metabolic Reconstruction ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Reconstruction Procedure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Draft Version ◽  
Genome Scale

The availability of genome sequences, annotations, and knowledge of the biochemistry underlying metabolic transformations has led to the generation of metabolic network reconstructions for a wide range of organisms in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. When modeled using mathematical representations, a reconstruction can simulate underlying genotype-phenotype relationships. Accordingly, genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) can be used to predict the response of organisms to genetic and environmental variations. A bottom-up reconstruction procedure typically starts by generating a draft model from existing annotation data on a target organism. For model species, this part of the process can be straightforward, due to the abundant organism-specific biochemical data. However, the process becomes complicated for non-model less-annotated species. In this paper, we present a draft liver reconstruction, ReCodLiver0.9, of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), a non-model teleost fish, as a practicable guide for cases with comparably few resources. Although the reconstruction is considered a draft version, we show that it already has utility in elucidating metabolic response mechanisms to environmental toxicants by mapping gene expression data of exposure experiments to the resulting model.

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