Energy expenditure during hatching in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcie M Ninness ◽  
E Don Stevens ◽  
Patricia A Wright
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Anaerobic Energy

The objective of our study was to estimate the overall (aerobic and anaerobic) energy expenditure involved in hatching in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos. During hatching, there were significant increases (50% and 19%, respectively) in movement and oxygen consumption. There were no differences in tissue indicators of anaerobic metabolism (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase, ammonia) between embryos that hatched naturally (chorionated) compared with embryos in which the chorion had been manually removed and therefore did not hatch (dechorionated). Furthermore, phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, and lactate were unaltered immediately after hatching compared with embryos at rest before hatch. The anaerobic capacity of just hatched larvae was further evaluated by forced exercise and hypoxic exposure. PCr and ATP were unaltered following a 2 min manual chase, whereas lactate concentration was significantly increased (30%). Hypoxia (5 mg O2·L–1, 5 days) resulted in a 2.7-fold elevation of tissue lactate concentration. Our results reveal that the increase in activity during hatch may be involved in escaping the egg capsule, but the metabolic cost of this increased movement is relatively small. Moreover, the anaerobic capacity of newly hatched rainbow trout is low relative to juvenile or adult fish.

Diminished social status affects ionoregulation at the gills and kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Sloman ◽  
Graham R Scott ◽  
D Gordon McDonald ◽  
Chris M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Uptake Rates

Competition for social status can result in physiological differences between individuals, including differences in ionoregulatory ability. Subordinate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) had two-fold higher uptake rates of sodium across the gill and two-fold higher whole-body sodium efflux rates than the dominant fish with which they were paired. Sodium efflux was then divided into branchial and renal components, both of which were higher in subordinates. Branchial sodium efflux accounted for 95%–98% of sodium loss. Plasma sodium concentrations were more variable, although not significantly different, in subordinate fish, suggesting that the increased loss of sodium in these trout is compensated for by an increase in uptake rates. Urine flow rates and plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in subordinate fish, but there was no difference in glomerular filtration rate between dominants and subordinates. Renal sodium reabsorption was significantly reduced in subordinates. In summary, the ionoregulation of subordinate individuals was altered, most likely occurring as a result of stress-induced changes in gill permeability, resulting in a higher throughput of water and increased branchial sodium efflux. These changes in ionoregulatory ability have many physiological implications, including the increased susceptibility of subordinates to ionoregulatory challenges and an increased metabolic cost of ionoregulation.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF HYPOXIA AND ADRENALINE ADMINISTRATION ON CORONARY BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC PERFORMANCE IN SEAWATER RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)

1994 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gamperl ◽  
A Pinder ◽  
R Grant ◽  
R Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Coronary Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cardiovascular Performance

To investigate the relationship between cardiac performance and coronary perfusion, cardiovascular variables (Q(dot), Vs, fh, Pda) and coronary blood flow (q·cor) were measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (1.2­1.6 kg) before and after adrenergic stimulation (1.0 µg kg-1 adrenaline) under conditions of (1) normoxia, (2) hypoxia (approximate PwO2 12 kPa) and (3) 2.5 h after returning to normoxia. q·cor for resting fish under normoxic conditions was 0.14±0.02 ml min-1 kg-1 (approximately 0.85 % of Q(dot)). When exposed to hypoxia, although both resting Q(dot) and q·cor increased, q·cor increased to a greater degree (Q(dot) by 17 % and q·cor by 36 %). During hypoxia, maximum adrenaline-stimulated Q(dot) was comparable to that observed for normoxic fish. However, because Q(dot) was elevated in resting hypoxic fish, the capacity of hypoxic fish to increase Q(dot) above resting levels was 50 % lower than that measured in normoxic fish. Although maximum q·cor in adrenaline-injected hypoxic trout was greater than that measured in normoxic trout, post-injection increases in q·cor (above resting levels) were not different between the two groups. Two and a half hours after hypoxic exposure, resting Q(dot) was still elevated (11 %) above normoxic levels, and the ability to increase Q(dot) when adrenergically stimulated was not fully restored. These results suggest (1) that resting q·cor in salmonids is approximately 1 % of Q(dot), (2) that increases in q·cor may be important in maintaining cardiovascular performance during hypoxic conditions, (3) that interactions between alpha-adrenergic constriction and metabolically related vasodilation of the coronary vasculature are important in determining q·cor in fish, (4) that exposure of fish to moderate environmental hypoxia reduces the scope for adrenergically mediated increases in Q(dot), and (5) that periods of recovery in excess of several hours are required before cardiovascular performance returns to pre-hypoxic levels.

Increased metabolic cost of swimming and consequent alterations to circadian activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to dietary copper

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
H A Campbell ◽  
R D Handy ◽  
D W Sims
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Behavioural Strategy ◽  
Temporal Aspects

This study tests the hypothesis that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) compensate for the metabolic cost of dietary Cu exposure by reducing swimming activity at particular times during the diel cycle. Fish were exposed to excess dietary Cu for three months (726 mg Cu·kg–1 dry weight) and simultaneously oxygen consumption (MO2) and spontaneous swimming activity were measured. Rhythmicity in swimming activity was examined by videorecording fish behaviours for 48 h. Standard metabolic rate estimates (RS) of 7.2 and 8.7 mmol O2·kg–1·h–1 (15°C) were measured for control and Cu-exposed fish, respectively. MO2 was higher in Cu-exposed fish at any chosen speed compared with control Cu-exposed trout, which decreased activity (mean speed) by at least 75%, spent more time at lower speeds, and lost circadian periodicity in these parameters compared with controls. Mean growth rates were normal, although Cu-exposed fish showed a narrower range of body weights and fewer mortalities than control groups, suggesting a suppression in social behaviour in Cu-exposed fish. Overall, the increased metabolic cost of swimming in Cu-exposed fish was fully compensated by a reduction in activity, particularly at night and dawn. However, this behavioural strategy suggests that spatial and temporal aspects of ecologically important social behaviours may be compromised in Cu-exposed fish.

Protective effects of calcium against the physiological effects of exposure to a combination of cadmium and copper in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff G Richards ◽  
Richard C Playle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Tension ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

We report that an elevated aqueous calcium (Ca) concentration protects against acute respiratory and osmoregulatory action due to exposure to a combination of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but does not protect against longer term ionoregulatory disruption. Trout exposed to 0.18 µM Cd and 0.80 µM Cu in soft water (40 µM Ca, 440 µM Na, pH 6.6) experienced a 60-torr decrease in arterial oxygen tension, a 5.5 mM increase in blood lactate concentration, and severe haemoconcentration as indicated by a 1.4-fold decrease in mean cell haemoglobin concentration, all of which occurred within 24 h. The addition of Ca to soft water (to reach 910 µM Ca, added as CaCl2; 430 µM Na, pH 6.8) eliminated these severe effects and slowed Cd uptake by the gills, plasma, and liver of trout, probably through competition for binding at gill Ca channels, but Ca did not affect Cu uptake by the gills or its entry into the plasma. Associated with slower Cd accumulation and unchanged Cu accumulation in the plasma were slow decreases in plasma concentrations of Na, Cl, and Ca, which were prevented initially by adding Ca to the water. Modelling using a modified aqueous chemistry computer program, MINEQL+, and previously published gill binding constants accurately simulated the initial (18 h) accumulation of Cd and Cu by trout gills and thus predicted acute toxicity, but our model did not adequately simulate the physiological mechanisms of Cd accumulation by trout gills over longer exposures up to 130 h.

scholarly journals Energy Expenditure and Lactate Concentration in Sports Dancers in a Simulated Final Round of the Standard Style Competition

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Pilch ◽  
Łukasz Tota ◽  
Ilona Pokora ◽  
Mateusz Głowa ◽  
Anna Piotrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Energy Processes ◽  
Final Round ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

AbstractTo determine the energy expenditure in dancers and the nature of energy transformations which take place during a simulated final round of sports dance competition in standard style.The study involved 6 sports dancing couples in highest dance classes (4 couples in S class, 2 couples in A class) according to WDSF (World Dance Sport Federation). There were two phases of the study. The first phase was to determine anthropometric indices, the second – to carry out a simulation of a tournament round in standard style. During a simulated final round of sports dance competition, heart rate (HR) and lactate concentration (LaThe VOThe study results complement the knowledge on the intensity of dance effort and confirm that the dance effort during sports competition is one of the heavy forms of physical activity based on aerobic and anaerobic energy processes. Therefore, the periodization of dance couple training process should considerably take into account the implementation of training loads that would help building solid aerobic and anaerobic capacity.

In situ activity metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): estimates obtained from telemetry of axial muscle electromyograms

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Briggs ◽  
J R Post
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Diel Pattern ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Axial Muscle ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Lower Limits

Activity metabolism of free-swimming rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was estimated using electromyogram telemetry of the axial muscle. Estimates were obtained for five fish for temperatures ranging from 3 to 22°C. Activity metabolism was divided by standard metabolism to produce a relative metabolic cost of activity (RMA). The average diel pattern of RMA was predominantly crepuscular. RMA increased at dawn and then slowly increased to an average maximum peak of 1.8 at dusk. After dusk, RMA slowly declined to a minimum value of 1.4 just prior to dawn. The diel pattern was similar over most of the temperature range studied, but became less distinct at the upper and lower limits of the range. Changes in mean daily RMA were strongly correlated with changes in mean temperature. Mean RMA of the five fish sampled over three seasons was 1.5, with very little variation among fish. The results of this study indicate that the activity metabolism of free-swimming rainbow trout is less than twice standard.

The essential oils of some medicinal plants on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ghasemi Pirbalouti ◽  
E Pirali ◽  
G Pishkar ◽  
S Mohammadali Jalali ◽  
M Reyesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
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