Increased metabolic cost of swimming and consequent alterations to circadian activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to dietary copper

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
H A Campbell ◽  
R D Handy ◽  
D W Sims
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Behavioural Strategy ◽  
Temporal Aspects

This study tests the hypothesis that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) compensate for the metabolic cost of dietary Cu exposure by reducing swimming activity at particular times during the diel cycle. Fish were exposed to excess dietary Cu for three months (726 mg Cu·kg–1 dry weight) and simultaneously oxygen consumption (MO2) and spontaneous swimming activity were measured. Rhythmicity in swimming activity was examined by videorecording fish behaviours for 48 h. Standard metabolic rate estimates (RS) of 7.2 and 8.7 mmol O2·kg–1·h–1 (15°C) were measured for control and Cu-exposed fish, respectively. MO2 was higher in Cu-exposed fish at any chosen speed compared with control Cu-exposed trout, which decreased activity (mean speed) by at least 75%, spent more time at lower speeds, and lost circadian periodicity in these parameters compared with controls. Mean growth rates were normal, although Cu-exposed fish showed a narrower range of body weights and fewer mortalities than control groups, suggesting a suppression in social behaviour in Cu-exposed fish. Overall, the increased metabolic cost of swimming in Cu-exposed fish was fully compensated by a reduction in activity, particularly at night and dawn. However, this behavioural strategy suggests that spatial and temporal aspects of ecologically important social behaviours may be compromised in Cu-exposed fish.

scholarly journals Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Pesticides Affect Mobility and DNA Integrity of Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Shannon Weeks Santos ◽  
Jérôme Cachot ◽  
Bettie Cormier ◽  
Nicolas Mazzella ◽  
Pierre-Yves Gourves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Metabolism ◽  
Pesticide Mixture ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Mixture Concentration

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of three concentrations of a pesticide mixture on the first development stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The mixture was made up of three commonly used pesticides in viticulture: glyphosate (GLY), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and copper sulfate (Cu). Eyed stage embryos were exposed for 3 weeks to three concentrations of the pesticide mixture. Lethal and sub-lethal effects were assessed through a number of phenotypic and molecular endpoints including survival, hatching delay, hatching success, biometry, swimming activity, DNA damage (Comet assay), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyl content and gene expression. Ten target genes involved in antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis were analyzed using real-time RT-qPCR. No significant increase of mortality, half-hatch, growth defects, TBARS and protein carbonyl contents were observed whatever the pesticide mixture concentration. In contrast, DNA damage and swimming activity were significantly more elevated at the highest pesticide mixture concentration. Gene transcription was up-regulated for genes involved in detoxification (gst and mt1), DNA repair (ogg1), mitochondrial metabolism (cox1 and 12S), and cholinergic system (ache). This study highlighted the induction of adaptive molecular and behavioral responses of rainbow trout larvae when exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of a mixture of pesticides.

Diminished social status affects ionoregulation at the gills and kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Sloman ◽  
Graham R Scott ◽  
D Gordon McDonald ◽  
Chris M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Uptake Rates

Competition for social status can result in physiological differences between individuals, including differences in ionoregulatory ability. Subordinate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) had two-fold higher uptake rates of sodium across the gill and two-fold higher whole-body sodium efflux rates than the dominant fish with which they were paired. Sodium efflux was then divided into branchial and renal components, both of which were higher in subordinates. Branchial sodium efflux accounted for 95%–98% of sodium loss. Plasma sodium concentrations were more variable, although not significantly different, in subordinate fish, suggesting that the increased loss of sodium in these trout is compensated for by an increase in uptake rates. Urine flow rates and plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in subordinate fish, but there was no difference in glomerular filtration rate between dominants and subordinates. Renal sodium reabsorption was significantly reduced in subordinates. In summary, the ionoregulation of subordinate individuals was altered, most likely occurring as a result of stress-induced changes in gill permeability, resulting in a higher throughput of water and increased branchial sodium efflux. These changes in ionoregulatory ability have many physiological implications, including the increased susceptibility of subordinates to ionoregulatory challenges and an increased metabolic cost of ionoregulation.

Interaction of dietary sodium chloride and waterborne copper in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): copper toxicity and sodium and chloride homeostasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins N Kamunde ◽  
Soumya Niyogi ◽  
Chris M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chloride Homeostasis

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained on either low sodium chloride (LS (control), 1.4% NaCl) or high sodium chloride (HS, 11% NaCl) diet were exposed to 55 µg·L–1 waterborne copper (Cu) for 28 days. Cu-exposed fish maintained on the LS diet exhibited 26% mortality, more than double (11%) that in fish maintained on the HS diet. Waterborne Cu exposure inhibited growth by 56% in fish maintained on the LS diet and by 35% in those maintained on the HS diet. Whole-body and tissue Na+ levels, measured 6 h after feeding, were increased by exposure to HS diet and reduced by waterborne Cu exposure. Exposure to elevated waterborne Cu increased whole-body and tissue Cu levels, whereas exposure to HS diet decreased these levels. Moreover, whole-body and tissue Cu concentrations were consistently lower in Cu-exposed fish maintained on HS diet relative to those maintained on LS diet. Plasma Na+ and Cl– levels were elevated by HS diet exposure and reduced by waterborne Cu exposure, whereas plasma Cu levels were decreased and increased by exposure to HS diet and waterborne Cu, respectively. These results demonstrate that elevated dietary NaCl modulates Na+ and Cl– homeostasis and reduces accumulation and toxicity of waterborne Cu.

Acclimation of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Low Environmental pH Does Not Involve an Activation of the Pituitary-interrenal Axis, but Evokes Adjustments in Branchial Ultrastructure

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2532-2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. M. Balm ◽  
T. G. Pottinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to soft water at pH 4.0 for 14 days, after ambient pH was reduced gradually. Several parameters, either indicators of acid stress, or reportedly involved in the adaptive response to low pH, were monitored. No mortality occurred during the exposure period; feeding behavior, haematocrit, and plasma protein levels were not affected. A transient depression of leucocrit was observed. A minor, but significant, hypochloremia and perturbations in plasma glucose levels occurred in acid-exposed fish from one strain only. There was no evidence of activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis in acid-exposed fish. Baseline plasma ACTH and Cortisol levels were indistinguishable from those of control fish, and there was no evidence of sensitization to additional stress in acid-exposed fish, in vitro baseline and ACTH-stimulated Cortisol secretion was not significantly different in the two groups. Ultrastructural evidence indicated an increased turnover rate of chloride cells and leucocyte infiltration in gills of acid-exposed fish. These results suggest that interrenal activation and catastrophic ion loss are not inevitable consequences of exposure of rainbow trout to pH 4.0 and that ultrastructural changes in the gills indicate locally regulated adaptive mechanisms.

scholarly journals Emergence of Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance in the Intestinal Microbiota of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Exposed Long-term to Sub-inhibitory Concentrations of Sulfamethoxazole

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael N. Labitt ◽  
Jennifer Ren ◽  
Helene Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Abstract Natural waters are contaminated globally with pharmaceuticals including many antibiotics. In this study, we assessed the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance in the culturable intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed for six-months to sub-inhibitory concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), one of the most prevalent antibiotics in natural waters. SMX was tested at three concentrations: 3000 µg/L, a concentration that had no observed effect (NOEC) on the in vitro growth of fish intestinal microbiota; 3 µg/L, a theoretical predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for long-term studies in natural environments; and 0.3 µg/L, a concentration detected in many surveys of surface waters from various countries including the USA. In two independent experiments, the emergence of phenotypic resistance and an increased prevalence of bacteria carrying a sulfonamide-resistance gene (sul1) were observed in SMX-exposed fish. The emergence of phenotypic resistance to1000 mg/L SMX was significant in fish exposed to 3 µg/L SMX and was in large part independent of sul resistance genes. The prevalence of bacteria carrying the sul1 resistance gene increased significantly in the culturable intestinal microbiota of SMX-exposed fish, but the sul1-positive population was in large part susceptible to 1000 mg/L SMX, suggesting that the gene confers a lower resistance level or a growth advantage. The increased prevalence of sul1 bacteria was observed in all groups of SMX-exposed fish. Overall, this study suggests that fish exposed long-term to waters contaminated with low levels of antibiotics serve as reservoir of antimicrobial resistant genes and of resistant bacteria, a potential threat to public health.

Excess posthypoxic oxygen consumption in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): recovery in normoxia and hypoxia

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Christian Svendsen ◽  
John Fleng Steffensen ◽  
Kim Aarestrup ◽  
Michael Frisk ◽  
Anne Etzerodt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Severe Hypoxia ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Recovery

Under certain conditions, a number of fish species may perform brief excursions into severe hypoxia and return to water with a higher oxygen content. The term severe hypoxia describes oxygen conditions that are below the critical oxygen saturation (Scrit), defined here as the oxygen threshold at which the standard metabolic rate becomes dependent upon the ambient oxygen content. Using rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), this study quantified the excess posthypoxic oxygen consumption (EPHOC) occurring after exposure to oxygen availability below Scrit. Tests showed that Scrit was 13.5% air saturation (O2sat). Fish were exposed to 10% O2sat for 0.97 h, and the EPHOC was quantified in normoxia (≥95% O2sat) and hypoxia (30% O2sat) to test the hypothesis that reduced oxygen availability would decrease the peak metabolic rate (MO2peak) and prolong the duration of the metabolic recovery. Results showed that MO2peak during the recovery was reduced from 253 to 127 mg O2·kg–1·h–1 in hypoxia compared with normoxia. Metabolic recovery lasted 5.2 h in normoxia and 9.8 h in hypoxia. The EPHOC, however, did not differ between the two treatments. Impeded metabolic recovery in hypoxia may have implications for fish recovering from exposure to oxygen availability below Scrit.

Energy expenditure during hatching in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcie M Ninness ◽  
E Don Stevens ◽  
Patricia A Wright
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Anaerobic Energy

The objective of our study was to estimate the overall (aerobic and anaerobic) energy expenditure involved in hatching in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos. During hatching, there were significant increases (50% and 19%, respectively) in movement and oxygen consumption. There were no differences in tissue indicators of anaerobic metabolism (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase, ammonia) between embryos that hatched naturally (chorionated) compared with embryos in which the chorion had been manually removed and therefore did not hatch (dechorionated). Furthermore, phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, and lactate were unaltered immediately after hatching compared with embryos at rest before hatch. The anaerobic capacity of just hatched larvae was further evaluated by forced exercise and hypoxic exposure. PCr and ATP were unaltered following a 2 min manual chase, whereas lactate concentration was significantly increased (30%). Hypoxia (5 mg O2·L–1, 5 days) resulted in a 2.7-fold elevation of tissue lactate concentration. Our results reveal that the increase in activity during hatch may be involved in escaping the egg capsule, but the metabolic cost of this increased movement is relatively small. Moreover, the anaerobic capacity of newly hatched rainbow trout is low relative to juvenile or adult fish.

In situ activity metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): estimates obtained from telemetry of axial muscle electromyograms

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Briggs ◽  
J R Post
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Diel Pattern ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Axial Muscle ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Lower Limits

Activity metabolism of free-swimming rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was estimated using electromyogram telemetry of the axial muscle. Estimates were obtained for five fish for temperatures ranging from 3 to 22°C. Activity metabolism was divided by standard metabolism to produce a relative metabolic cost of activity (RMA). The average diel pattern of RMA was predominantly crepuscular. RMA increased at dawn and then slowly increased to an average maximum peak of 1.8 at dusk. After dusk, RMA slowly declined to a minimum value of 1.4 just prior to dawn. The diel pattern was similar over most of the temperature range studied, but became less distinct at the upper and lower limits of the range. Changes in mean daily RMA were strongly correlated with changes in mean temperature. Mean RMA of the five fish sampled over three seasons was 1.5, with very little variation among fish. The results of this study indicate that the activity metabolism of free-swimming rainbow trout is less than twice standard.

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