An evaluation of the Clearwater River supplementation program in western Washington

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Sharma ◽  
Gary Morishima ◽  
Shizhen Wang ◽  
André Talbot ◽  
Larry Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Queets River ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Clearwater River

This paper presents preliminary results of a study to evaluate the potential utility of supplementation of natural origin coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Clearwater River, a tributary of the Queets River in western Washington. The study, initiated in 1984, involves the collection of natural origin brood stock, rearing in a combination of hatchery and natural environments, and volitional releases, combined with marking and sampling of natural origin fish. Primary findings relative to five essential research questions of this study concluded that (i) smolts from supplementation returned at a lower rate than natural smolts; (ii) the reproductive efficiency (spawner to spawner) of fish taken for supplementation was higher than that for fish allowed to spawn naturally; (iii) supplemental fish successfully reproduced and the combined supplemental–natural spawning population had a high productivity; (iv) supplementation did not appear to have affected the overall reproductive performance of the population for the duration of the project; and (v) supplementation increased the overall spawner return on the Clearwater River and is required to maximize adult production, unless conditions in both freshwater and ocean environments are optimal.

scholarly journals Differences in mate pairings of hatchery and natural origin coho salmon inferred from offspring genotypes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H L Auld ◽  
D P Jacobson ◽  
A C Rhodes ◽  
M A Banks
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Genetic Level

Abstract Captive breeding can affect how sexual selection acts on subsequent generations. One context where this is important is in fish hatcheries. In many salmon hatcheries, spawning is controlled artificially and offspring are reared in captivity before release into the wild. While previous studies have suggested that hatchery and natural origin fish may make different mate choice decisions, it remains to be determined how hatchery fish may be making different mate choice decisions compared to natural origin fish at a genetic level. Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with variation in mate pairings from a natural context involving hatchery and natural origin coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In both natural origin and hatchery mate pairs, we observed more SNPs with negative assortment, than positive assortment. However, only 3% of the negative assortment SNPs were shared between the two mating groups, and 1% of the positive assortment SNPs were shared between the two mating groups, indicating divergence in mating cues between wild and hatchery raised salmon. These findings shed light on mate choice in general and may have important implications in the conservation management of species as well as for improving other captive breeding scenarios. There remains much to discover about mate choice in salmon and research described here reflects our intent to test the potential of ongoing advances in population genomics to develop new hatchery practices that may improve the performance of hatchery offspring, lessening the differences and thus potential impacts upon wild stocks.

An attempt to improve the reproductive efficiency of Nile tilapia brood stock fish

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhamid M. Abdelhamid ◽  
Ahmed I. Mehrim ◽  
Manal I. El-Barbary ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Sharawy
Keyword(s):  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Brood Stock

Environmental factors influencing freshwater survival and smolt production in Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
P W Lawson ◽  
E A Logerwell ◽  
N J Mantua ◽  
R C Francis ◽  
V N Agostini
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Queets River ◽  
Marine Survival

Climate variability is well known to affect the marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon and Washington. Marine factors have been used to explain up to 83% of the variability in Oregon coastal natural coho salmon recruitment, yet about half the variability in coho salmon recruitment comes from the freshwater life phase of the life cycle. This seeming paradox could be resolved if freshwater variability were linked to climate and climate factors influencing marine survival were correlated with those affecting freshwater survival. Effects of climate on broad-scale fluctuations in freshwater survival or production are not well known. We examined the influence of seasonal stream flows and air temperature on freshwater survival and production of two stock units: Oregon coastal natural coho salmon and Queets River coho salmon from the Washington Coast. Annual air temperatures and second winter flows correlated strongly with smolt production from both stock units. Additional correlates for the Oregon Coast stocks were the date of first fall freshets and flow during smolt outmigration. Air temperature is correlated with sea surface temperature and timing of the spring transition so that good freshwater conditions are typically associated with good marine conditions.

Adaptive Flexibility in the Foraging Behavior of Fishes

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Risk Of Predation

Flexibility is an important adaptive feature of the foraging behavior of fishes, because most natural environments vary both spatially and temporally. Fish should respond to low levels of food availability by altering their behavior in ways which ensure higher feeding rates, larger feeding territories, and broader diets. It is shown that the gastric sensation of hunger and its rate of change may act as appropriate cues to food availability, and observed hunger-motivated changes in feeding behavior can produce all of these predicted effects. Data are presented to show that juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alter their behavior in an adaptive manner when faced with variable degrees of threat of competition from territorial intruders, and of risk of predation. A review of similar studies on other species supports the generality of these results. Learning is an important mechanism providing behavioral flexibility, and changes in fish feeding behavior with experience are summarized. A graphical model is developed to show that these changes can result in training biases and food specialization. Learning also results in increased feeding rates. The consequences of these observations for the development of refined models of foraging are discussed.

Growth and survival of pacific coho salmon smolts exposed as juveniles to pesticides within urban streams in western Washington, USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1596-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerensa A. King ◽  
Christian E. Grue ◽  
James M. Grassley ◽  
Robert J. Fisk ◽  
Loveday L. Conquest
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Urban Streams ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Western Washington

Empirical relationships between watershed characteristics and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolt abundance in 14 western Washington streams

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1453-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Sharma ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Watershed Characteristics ◽  
Valley Slope ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Lower Stream ◽  
Habitat Variables

We assembled data on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from 14 streams in western Washington, including annual smolt counts and annual escapement, either as absolute counts or as an index. We also compiled data on large woody debris (number·km%#150;1 of stream), road densities in the watersheds (km road·km%#150;2), gradient of the streams (%), valley slope adjacent to the stream (%), drainage area in the watershed (km2), and pool, pond, and lake areas (m2·km%#150;1). We explored the relationships between habitat variables and two measures of coho production, the maximum production of smolts in the stream (capacity) and the maximum smolts/spawner (productivity). Using the 11 streams with pool and pond counts, we found that pool and pond densities served as good predictors of smolt density (r2 = 0.85 for pools and 0.68 for ponds, independently). Pools produced 0.39 smolts·m%#150;2 and ponds produced 0.07 smolts·m%#150;2 in the multiple regression fit, accounting for 92% of the residual error. We also found that lower valley slopes, lower road densities, and lower stream gradients were correlated with higher smolt density.

Bias in hatchery-origin coho salmon survival estimates due to underestimated prerelease mortality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
James R. Irvine
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Additional Work ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Over Time

The widely accepted belief that hatchery-origin salmon survive less well than natural-origin or wild salmon can be, at least in part, an artifact of the way hatchery salmon survival is estimated. Hatchery salmon are often marked several months before release, while natural salmon are marked during their seaward migration. Underestimated prerelease mortalities result in biased low survival estimates. In British Columbia, although hatchery rearing practices have been modified to reduce unrecorded mortalities, experimental evidence indicates that coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolt survivals continue to be underestimated by ∼13%. Better reporting and incorporation of survival bias in data sets and analyses as well as additional work to evaluate bias for other regions and species over time is needed.

Size-dependent foraging behaviour and use of cover in juvenile coho salmon under predation risk

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1642-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich G. Reinhardt ◽  
Michael C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Foraging Habitat ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Predation Threat ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
The Difference

Foraging and use of cover by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were affected by predation threat in both seminatural channels and laboratory streams. In the field, coho salmon preferred stream sections with brushy cover only when under threat from hunting common mergansers. The mergansers had their highest capture success in pools without cover. Predation threat also caused coho salmon to use cover more as foraging habitat and to aggregate more in favourable positions at the head of the pool. In the laboratory, under simulated predation threat, fish using a refuge were significantly larger than those in the risky habitat. This pattern persisted for 2 days after the predation threat was discontinued. The average growth of coho salmon under predation threat was depressed and the difference in growth between large and small individuals was less than in control groups. We argue that larger fish were more averse to predation risk than smaller fish and that the smaller fish took advantage of feeding opportunities indirectly provided as a result of the predation risk. We speculate that in natural environments, predation may depress growth rates because of risk-avoidance behaviour but may also serve to reduce growth-rate differences among size classes within a cohort.

Seasonal variations in stable isotope ratios of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from western Washington rivers

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L Reichert ◽  
Correigh M Greene ◽  
Robert E Bilby
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Salmon Parr ◽  
Skagit River ◽  
Salmon Carcasses

Salmon carcasses provide a marine derived nutrient (MDN) subsidy to river systems, but the extent to which it affects juvenile salmon growth is unclear. To evaluate temporal and spatial nutrient contributions from watershed sources and MDNs using stable isotopes, Skagit River (Washington, USA) juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were collected. Muscle samples were taken from fry through smolts to measure temporal changes in δ15N and δ13C. δ15N and δ13C levels declined from emergence until fall, when they approached values for resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) collected above anadromous barriers. Muscle δ13C was highly variable and did not increase subsequently. However, coho salmon δ15N increased during the winter. March coho salmon parr δ15N levels suggested high variability in carcass availability for consumption. During the next spring, δ15N levels again declined. In Griffin Creek, a Snoqualmie River tributary, a significant relationship between carcass density and δ15N and δ13C levels was found in March coho salmon parr. At high spawner densities, some parr δ15N exceeded carcass values; however, parr δ13C increased moderately. These findings show that stable isotope data provide insights on seasonal sources of nutrients. In addition, results indicate that March coho salmon parr δ15N levels would be a useful index of carcass availability for overwintering juvenile consumption.

The Use of Generalized Additive Models for Forecasting the Abundance of Queets River Coho Salmon

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizhen Wang ◽  
Gary Morishima ◽  
Rishi Sharma ◽  
Larry Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Queets River
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