Comparison of reference points estimated using a size-based method for two high-latitude crab species in the United States and Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1404-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M SM Siddeek ◽  
Bernard Sainte-Marie ◽  
Jim Boutillier ◽  
Gretchen Bishop
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Harvest Rate ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Dungeness Crabs ◽  
Spawning Biomass

We briefly reviewed the decision rules currently used for managing two major high-latitude crab stocks, snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), in the United States and Canada and compared them with model-based reference points, harvest rate, and biomass proportion relative to virgin biomass, developed using species- and area-specific parameters. The model followed a size-based approach, which incorporated Beverton–Holt and Ricker stock–recruitment models and estimated mean and median reference points. The recruitment was also perturbed to generate distributions of reference points. The Beverton–Holt stock–recruitment model provided a lower harvest rate than that of the Ricker model. Harvest rates were lower for combined sexes spawning biomass than for female-only spawning biomass. Increasing the minimum size at first capture and decreasing the handling mortality resulted in increased harvest rates. Changes in fishery duration and timing of fishery open date did not change the harvest rate appreciably. The harvest rates for the Canadian snow and Dungeness crabs were mostly higher than those estimated for the Bering Sea and Southeast Alaska stocks. Reliable estimates of a number of life history parameters are lacking for both species, and hence, the results of this exercise need to be treated in a precautionary manner.

The Oxford Handbook of IPOs

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Initial Public Offerings ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Public Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Public Offerings ◽  
Firm’S Life Cycle

Firms generally begin as privately owned entities. When they grow large enough, the decision to go public and its consequences are among the most crucial times in a firm’s life cycle. The first time a firm is a reporting issuer gives rise to tremendous responsibilities about disclosing public information and accountability to a wide array of retail shareholders and institutional investors. Initial public offerings (IPOs) offer tremendous opportunities to raise capital. The economic and legal landscape for IPOs has been rapidly evolving across countries. There have been fewer IPOs in the United States in the aftermath of the 2007–2009 financial crisis and associated regulatory reforms that began in 2002. In 1980–2000, an average of 310 firms went public every year, while in 2001–2014 an average of 110 firms went public every year. At the same time, there are so many firms that seek an IPO in China that there has been a massive waiting list of hundreds of firms in recent years. Some countries are promoting small junior stock exchanges to go public early, and even crowdfunding to avoid any prospectus disclosure. Financial regulation of analysts and investment banks has been evolving in ways that drastically impact the economics of going public—in some countries, such as the United States, drastically increasing the minimum size of a company before it can expect to go public. This Handbook not only systematically and comprehensively consolidates a large body of literature on IPOs, but provides a foundation for future debates and inquiry.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of cartilaginous fish populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1057-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enric Cortés ◽  
Elizabeth N. Brooks ◽  
Kyle W. Shertzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Stock Assessments ◽  
Demographic Methods

Abstract We review three broad categories of risk assessment methodology used for cartilaginous fish: productivity-susceptibility analysis (PSA), demographic methods, and quantitative stock assessments. PSA is generally a semi-quantitative approach useful as an exploratory or triage tool that can be used to prioritize research, group species with similar vulnerability or risk, and provide qualitative management advice. Demographic methods are typically used in the conservation arena and provide quantitative population metrics that are used to quantify extinction risk and identify vulnerable life stages. Stock assessments provide quantitative estimates of population status and the associated risk of exceeding biological reference points, such as maximum sustainable yield. We then describe six types of uncertainty (process, observation, model, estimation, implementation, and institutional) that affect the risk assessment process, identify which of the three risk assessment methods can accommodate each type of uncertainty, and provide examples mostly for sharks drawn from our experience in the United States. We also review the spectrum of stock assessment methods used mainly for sharks in the United States, and present a case study where multiple methods were applied to the same species (dusky shark, Carcharinus obscurus) to illustrate differing degrees of model complexity and type of uncertainty considered. Finally, we address the common and problematic case of data-poor bycatch species. Our main recommendation for future work is to use Management Strategy Evaluation or similar simulation approaches to explore the effect of different sources of uncertainty, identify the most critical data to satisfy predetermined management objectives, and develop harvest control rules for cartilaginous fish. We also propose to assess the performance of data-poor and -rich methods through stepwise model construction.

Alternative Harvest Strategies for Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hall ◽  
R. Hilborn ◽  
M. Stocker ◽  
C. J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Harvest Rate ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Current Management Strategy ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Spawning Biomass ◽  
Constant Escapement

A simulated Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) population is used to evaluate alternative management strategies of constant escapement versus constant harvest rate for a roe herring fishery. The biological parameters of the model are derived from data on the Strait of Georgia herring stock. The management strategies are evaluated using three criteria: average catch, catch variance, and risk. The constant escapement strategy provides highest average catches, but at the expense of increased catch variance. The harvest rate strategy is favored for its reduced variance in catch and only a slight decrease in mean catch relative to the fixed escapement strategy. The analysis is extended to include the effects of persistent recruitment patterns. Stock–recruitment analysis suggests that recruitment deviations are autocorrelated. Correlated deviations may cause bias in regression estimates of stock–recruitment parameters (overestimation of stock productivity) and increase in variation of spawning stock biomass. The latter effect favors the constant escapement strategy, which fully uses persistent positive recruitment fluctuations. Mean catch is depressed for the harvest rate strategy, since the spawning biomass is less often located in the productive region of the stock–recruitment relationship. The model is used to evaluate the current management strategy for Strait of Georgia herring. The strategy of maintaining a minimum spawning biomass reserve combines the safety of the constant escapement strategy and the catch variance reducing features of the harvest rate strategy.

Mexican Immigrant Women’s Reconstruction of Punishment and Victimhood in Intimate Partner Violence

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-1007
Author(s):  
Blanca Ramirez ◽  
Devon Thacker Thomas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Mexican Immigrant ◽  
Mexican Immigrant Women

Utilizing 20 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Mexican immigrant women in Southern California, we argue that participants employ a bifocal lens to develop perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV). By drawing on existing knowledge from Mexico as reference points, the findings show that participants construct law enforcement as the appropriate intervention in the United States. As a result, they construct new norms for victims on how to address IPV. Ultimately, this research suggests that perceptions of laws and law enforcement as change agents in ending IPV within the United States may create, in fact, a false sense of security in Mexican immigrant women.

MJO Modulation on 2009/10 Winter Snowstorms in the United States*

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 978-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ja-Yeon Moon ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Kyung-Ja Ha
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Intraseasonal Variability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Teleconnection Pattern ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Atmospheric Teleconnection

Abstract During the winter of 2009/10, a number of record-breaking snowfall events registered in the eastern United States are shown to have been modulated by the pulsation of tropical MJO through an atmospheric teleconnection pattern. The intraseasonal variability over the eastern subtropical Pacific near Mexico (the equatorial central Pacific) had reached the maximum (second largest) strength since 1979/80. From late December to mid-February, the convection over these two regions experienced a remarkable wet–dry–wet cycle; correspondingly, the daily snowfall over the eastern United States also exhibited a wet–dry–wet cycle. As the MJO convection reached the central Pacific, a teleconnection pattern extended to North America, resulting in a westward-tilted deep anomalous trough anchored over the eastern United States, producing a low-level pressure dipole anomaly with an anticyclone (cyclone) centered at the U.S. West (East) Coast. The convection over the Indian Ocean varied in phase with the central Pacific convection, reinforcing the extratropical atmospheric teleconnection pattern. As a result, the enhanced high-latitude cold air penetrated southward, affecting the central and eastern United States. Meanwhile, warmer moist air was transported from the tropical central Pacific by the existing El Niño through Mexico to the southern United States along with the upper-level subtropical westerly jet, which extended from the subtropical Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. As such, the eastern United States was located in a convergence zone between the enhanced cold air from the high latitude and the warm, moist air supplied from the subtropics, resulting in favorable conditions for extremely heavy snowfall.

scholarly journals Toward a Transnational Information Ecology on the Right? Hyperlink Networking among Right-Wing Digital News Sites in Europe and the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 194016122096367
Author(s):  
Annett Heft ◽  
Curd Knüpfer ◽  
Susanne Reinhardt ◽  
Eva Mayerhöffer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
News Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Online News ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Digital News ◽  
Transnational Connections ◽  
The Right

The recent rise of a more transnationally networked political right across Europe and the United States has been accompanied by an emerging alternative digital news infrastructure through which information circulates and shared epistemologies are established. This paper examines the extent to which digital news sites on the right are interconnected within and across countries. It further explores which additional sites serve as transnationally shared reference points of such news ecology on a transnational scale. To do so, we investigate hyperlink networks between alternative right-wing online news sites (RNS) in six western democracies (Austria, Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden). Our analysis draws on hyperlink data harvested from 65 RNS for three months in 2018. The results show that RNS do establish interlinked alternative right-wing news ecologies, as they connect to likeminded RNS within and across borders. Furthermore, we see substantial variation across countries, where RNS from countries with less established alternative right-wing news infrastructure are more likely to link transnationally to RNS. The United States represents an outlier in that it features the largest and domestically most integrated network of RNS, while U.S. sites function as hubs for transnational connections from European RNS. Apart from connections between RNS, we find that legacy news media are crucial transnationally shared reference points. We conclude that rather than presenting an insulated, alternative sphere, the emerging digital news ecology on the right seeks to link up to the broader information environment across borders.

Biological reference points for American lobster (Homarus americanus) populations: limits to exploitation and the precautionary approach

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1392-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Fogarty ◽  
Louise Gendron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Precautionary Approach

Large-scale changes in American lobster (Homarus americanus) landings and abundance have been documented in both Canada and the United States over the last several decades. The spatial coherence of these changes suggests the importance of common environmental and fishery-related factors operating over broad areas in the western North Atlantic. Changes in both biotic and abiotic factors have been hypothesized to underlie the recent increases in lobster production. Area expansion of lobsters to previously unoccupied or low-density areas appears to be an important element of the population increase. Here, we review biological reference points applied to American lobster populations in the United States and Canada. Egg production per recruit models have been used to specify limit reference points (F10% in the United States) or target reference points (increasing egg production per recruit to twice its 1995 level in Canada). Surplus production and yield-per-recruit models have also been employed to provide qualitative management guidelines. We describe sources of uncertainty in the development of biological reference points for American lobster based on dynamic pool models in relation to the precautionary approach. Finally we consider auxiliary indicators and reference points with potential application to lobster stocks.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF PROVIDING OF INFORMATIVE SAFETY OF THE FOREIGN STATES (ON EXAMPLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, CANADA, GERMANY, FRANCE)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Fundamental Freedom

Introduction. The Article is sanctified to illumination of experience of government control of providing of informative safety in the developed foreign states. On the example of the United States of America, Canada, Germany, France the aspects of reformation of legislative soil of providing of informative safety are analysed in a modern period, the competense of basic subjects of state administration, that provide informative safety, is certain, attention is accented on the observance of informative rights for citizens in the process of administration of processes of providing of informative safety. Summary of the main research results. It is distinguished, that experience of government control in the field of providing of informative safety of Germany and France is model at the aspects of expediency of implementing provision of Agreement about an association between Ukraine and European Union in 2014 So, by a document certainly, that the mode of partnership of Ukraine and European Union envisages development and transformation of the national legal system in ambitious and innovative method on the basis of principles of supremacy of right, kind goverment, to undiscrimination of persons that belongs to minority, respect human rights and fundamental freedom, right for a national minority, variety, value human dignity, devotion principle free market economy and others like that. Accordingly, the valuable observance of the marked principles envisages realization of sound work in relation to adaptation of the national system of administration of providing of informative safety of Ukraine in accordance with the best practices of the USA and states of European Union. Conclusions. It is marked that a selection and description of major aspects of adjusting of providing of informative safety in the foreign states allow to decide some important tasks of research and practice character. In particular, before home specialists possibility of creation and expansion of practical possibilities of decision of tasks home specialists is opened in relation to the rich in content filling of position papers on questions informative safety, accumulation of empiric base, that can be used in the process of development and acceptance of new normative acts in the field of providing of informative safety, input of new for the legal system of Ukraine institutes of providing of informative safety; improvement of existent legislative base for functioning of elements to the sector of safety and defensive in the field of providing of informative safety. Success of realization of the marked reference-points largely depends on the level of qualification of the Ukrainian specialists, and also from technical, organizational, administrative providing of activity of subjects, what authorized agents to provide informative safety of Ukraine.

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