The risk of running on empty: the influence of age on starvation and gut fullness in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Jordaan ◽  
Joseph A Brown
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Gut Fullness ◽  
Set Up

Two experiments were set up to evaluate whether the response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae to no-prey conditions changes with age. The first experiment was designed to test for age-specific starvation with starvation trials at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 days after hatching. Mortality, length, and swimming activity data were collected. A second experiment was conducted to determine the effect of non-feeding conditions on the residency of prey in the gut at 5, 15, 30, and 45 days after hatching. The results of experiment 1 indicated that mortality occurred most rapidly at 15 and 30 days and was delayed during the yolk-sac period (day 0). Larvae in non-fed treatments showed significantly lower activity levels, except in the 45-day treatment, and the reduction in activity occurred before the onset of mortality. In experiment 2, gut residencies displayed an age-dependent response, with 5- and 45-day-old larvae having significantly shorter residency times. We conclude that beyond the yolk-sac period, cod larvae exhibit an age-dependent trade-off between growth and starvation risk. Larval age also influences patterns of gut fullness over time, with the fastest rates of gut clearance found at first-feeding and metamorphosis.

The Effects of External Salinity on the Drinking Rates of the Larvae of Herring, Plaice and Cod

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. TYTLER ◽  
J. H. BLAXTER
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
External Salinity

Drinking responses to salinity change in the larvae of herring (Clupea harengus L.), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) and cod (Gadus morhua L.) were measured from the time course of uptake of dextran labelled with tritium, following immersion in solutions of 32‰ and 16‰ sea water. The yolk sac and first feeding larval stages of all three species drink in both salinities. Furthermore, post-yolk sac stages appear to adjust their drinking rates to compensate for different salinities in a manner similar to that of the adults. Drinking rates in 32‰ sea water are approximately double those in 16‰. Mass-related drinking rates of larvae are higher than those in adults, but the differences do not match the differences in surface area to mass ratios, suggesting that larval skin is less permeable to water than is adult gill epithelium. Water absorption is indicated by the evidence of concentration of dextran in the gut. The estimates of drinking rates from tritiated dextran uptake are supported by epifluorescence microscopical measurements of the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran.

scholarly journals Metabolic cost of feeding in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) larvae using microcalorimetry

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artie McCollum ◽  
Jessica Geubtner ◽  
Ione Hunt von Herbing
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract A microcalorimeter that measures total heat output (μW) was used to determine total metabolic rate (aerobic and anaerobic) and the cost of feeding (specific dynamic action, SDA) in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from hatching to 4 weeks post-hatch at 10°C. Total heat output increased throughout development from 2.14 μW at first-feeding to 23.72 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. SDA was determined by comparing the total heat output among unfed larvae and fed larvae simultaneously. Total heat output increased in the first 2 h after feeding with rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and Artemia, remained high for up to 10 h, was significantly higher in fed larvae than in unfed larvae, and ranged from 16.56 μW at first-feeding to 47.84 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. The differences in total heat output between unfed and fed larvae were 14.42 μW and 24.12 μW, representing an increase in metabolic cost of feeding by a factor of 1.67 over the first 4 weeks of larval life. That the metabolic cost of feeding increased with development and remained elevated suggests that cod larvae allocate a large part of their energy budget to growth in order to meet the demands of their fast growth rates.

scholarly journals Characterisation and expression of secretory phospholipase A2 group IB during ontogeny of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Sæle ◽  
Andreas Nordgreen ◽  
Pål A. Olsvik ◽  
Kristin Hamre
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Secretory Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Live Prey ◽  
Secretory Phospholipase ◽  
Support Activity

The pancreatic enzyme secretory phospholipase A2 group IB (sPLA2 IB) hydrolyses phospholipids at the sn-2 position, resulting in a NEFA and a lyso-phospholipid, which are then absorbed by the enterocytes. The sPLA2 IB is a member of a family of nineteen enzymes sharing the same catalytic ability, of which nine are cytosolic and ten are secretory. Presently, there are no pharmacological tools to separate between the different secretory enzymes when measuring the enzymatic activity. Thus, it is important to support activity data with more precise techniques when isolation of intestinal content is not possible for analysis, as in the case of small teleost larvae, where the whole animal is sometimes analysed. In the present study, we characterise the sPLA2 IB gene in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and describe its ontogeny at the genetic and protein level and compare this to the total sPLA2 activity level. A positive correlation was found between the expression of sPLA2 IB mRNA and protein. Both remained stable and low during the larval stage followed by an increase from day 62 posthatch, coinciding with the development of the pyloric ceaca. Meanwhile, total sPLA2 enzyme activity in cod was stable and relatively high during the early stages when larvae were fed live prey, followed by a decrease in activity when the fish were weaned to a formulated diet. Thus, the expression of sPLA2 IB mRNA and protein did not correlate with total sPLA2 activity.

Effect of cultivated copepods (Acartia tonsa) in first-feeding of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Øie ◽  
T. Galloway ◽  
M. Sørøy ◽  
M. Holmvaag Hansen ◽  
I.A. Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labrus Bergylta

Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Galloway ◽  
E. Kjorsvik ◽  
H. Kryvi
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

Transcriptional effects on glutathione S-transferases in first feeding Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae exposed to crude oil

Chemosphere ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Olsvik ◽  
T. Nordtug ◽  
D. Altin ◽  
K.K. Lie ◽  
I. Overrein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

scholarly journals First feed affects the expressions of microRNA and their targets in Atlantic cod

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshome Tilahun Bizuayehu ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
Ørjan Karlsen ◽  
Terje van der Meeren ◽  
Rolf Brudvik Edvardsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirna

AbstractTo our knowledge, there is no report on microRNA (miRNA) expression and their target analysis in relation to the type of the first feed and its effect on the further growth of fish. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae have better growth and development performance when fed natural zooplankton as a start-feed, as compared with those fed typical aquaculture start-feeds. In our experiment, two groups of Atlantic cod larvae were fed reference feed (zooplankton, mostly copepods, filtered from a seawater pond) v. aquaculture feeds: enriched rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and later brine shrimp (Artemia salina). We examined the miRNA expressions of six defined developmental stages as determined and standardised by body length from first feeding for both diet groups. We found eight miRNA (miR-9, miR-19a, miR-130b, miR-146, miR-181a, miR-192, miR-206 and miR-11240) differentially expressed between the two feeding groups in at least one developmental stage. We verified the next-generation sequencing data using real-time RT-PCR. We found 397 putative targets (mRNA) to the differentially expressed miRNA; eighteen of these mRNA showed differential expression in at least one stage. The patterns of differentially expressed miRNA and their putative target mRNA were mostly inverse, but sometimes also concurrent. The predicted miRNA targets were involved in different pathways, including metabolic, phototransduction and signalling pathways. The results of this study provide new nutrigenomic information on the potential role of miRNA in mediating nutritional effects on growth during the start-feeding period in fish larvae.

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