Effect of cultivated copepods (Acartia tonsa) in first-feeding of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Øie ◽  
T. Galloway ◽  
M. Sørøy ◽  
M. Holmvaag Hansen ◽  
I.A. Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labrus Bergylta

scholarly journals Metabolic cost of feeding in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) larvae using microcalorimetry

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artie McCollum ◽  
Jessica Geubtner ◽  
Ione Hunt von Herbing
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract A microcalorimeter that measures total heat output (μW) was used to determine total metabolic rate (aerobic and anaerobic) and the cost of feeding (specific dynamic action, SDA) in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from hatching to 4 weeks post-hatch at 10°C. Total heat output increased throughout development from 2.14 μW at first-feeding to 23.72 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. SDA was determined by comparing the total heat output among unfed larvae and fed larvae simultaneously. Total heat output increased in the first 2 h after feeding with rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and Artemia, remained high for up to 10 h, was significantly higher in fed larvae than in unfed larvae, and ranged from 16.56 μW at first-feeding to 47.84 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. The differences in total heat output between unfed and fed larvae were 14.42 μW and 24.12 μW, representing an increase in metabolic cost of feeding by a factor of 1.67 over the first 4 weeks of larval life. That the metabolic cost of feeding increased with development and remained elevated suggests that cod larvae allocate a large part of their energy budget to growth in order to meet the demands of their fast growth rates.

Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Galloway ◽  
E. Kjorsvik ◽  
H. Kryvi
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

scholarly journals Predation on hatchery-reared lobsters released in the wild

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1794-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gro I van der Meeren
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Rocky Substratum ◽  
Cancer Pagurus ◽  
Shorthorn Sculpin ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Myoxocephalus Scorpius ◽  
Labrus Bergylta

Predation on hatchery-reared lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in the wild was studied in order to identify predators in southwestern Norway on rocky and sandy substrates in winter and summer. Lobsters of 12-15 mm carapace length were tagged with magnetic microtags. About 51 000 juvenile lobsters were released on 10 occasions at three locations. Predator samplings were by trammel nets, eel traps, and videorecordings during the 24 h immediately following the releases. In summer, loss to predators occurred on both rocky and sandy substrates. The loss was lower in winter when lobsters were found as prey in predators caught on sand. The risk of fish predation was highest in the first hours after release, when the lobsters were out of shelter. The wrasses Labrus bergylta and Labrus mixtus were the major predators of lobsters, while Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius), and crab (Cancer pagurus) were mainly winter predators. Winter predators were never as abundant as summer predators. To minimise predatory loss of reared and costly lobsters, they should be released onto rocky substratum in winter. Due to the damage to the predated lobsters, it was not possible to correlate survival against lobster size.

Transcriptional effects on glutathione S-transferases in first feeding Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae exposed to crude oil

Chemosphere ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Olsvik ◽  
T. Nordtug ◽  
D. Altin ◽  
K.K. Lie ◽  
I. Overrein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

scholarly journals First feed affects the expressions of microRNA and their targets in Atlantic cod

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshome Tilahun Bizuayehu ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
Ørjan Karlsen ◽  
Terje van der Meeren ◽  
Rolf Brudvik Edvardsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirna

AbstractTo our knowledge, there is no report on microRNA (miRNA) expression and their target analysis in relation to the type of the first feed and its effect on the further growth of fish. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae have better growth and development performance when fed natural zooplankton as a start-feed, as compared with those fed typical aquaculture start-feeds. In our experiment, two groups of Atlantic cod larvae were fed reference feed (zooplankton, mostly copepods, filtered from a seawater pond) v. aquaculture feeds: enriched rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and later brine shrimp (Artemia salina). We examined the miRNA expressions of six defined developmental stages as determined and standardised by body length from first feeding for both diet groups. We found eight miRNA (miR-9, miR-19a, miR-130b, miR-146, miR-181a, miR-192, miR-206 and miR-11240) differentially expressed between the two feeding groups in at least one developmental stage. We verified the next-generation sequencing data using real-time RT-PCR. We found 397 putative targets (mRNA) to the differentially expressed miRNA; eighteen of these mRNA showed differential expression in at least one stage. The patterns of differentially expressed miRNA and their putative target mRNA were mostly inverse, but sometimes also concurrent. The predicted miRNA targets were involved in different pathways, including metabolic, phototransduction and signalling pathways. The results of this study provide new nutrigenomic information on the potential role of miRNA in mediating nutritional effects on growth during the start-feeding period in fish larvae.

scholarly journals Growth, survival, and development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) weaned onto diets containing various sources of marine protein

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Opstad ◽  
J. Suontama ◽  
E. Langmyhr ◽  
R.E. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Liver Index ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Marine Protein

Abstract We studied the effects of partial or complete substitution of fishmeal with alternative sources of marine protein (amphipod or krill meal) on growth, survival, liver index, and deformities of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.). The diets contained either 100% fishmeal or fishmeal that was replaced with 25%, 50%, or 100% amphipod meal or 50% or 100% Antarctic krill meal. Cod larvae were start-fed on rotifers and weaned directly to one of the six formulated feeds at a mean wet weight of 28 mg, 40 days post first-feeding. The mean weight of fish reared on different diets at the end of the experiment ranged from 0.92 to 2.52 g. The best growth was obtained by cod fed 100% fishmeal and 50% krill meal. There was a trend in the direction of slower growth with increasing levels of amphipod meal in the diets. Survival ranged from 87% to 79%, and there was a tendency for higher mortality with increasing content of amphipod meal. The liver index varied between 11.7% and 9.9%. The composition of the diets also had a significant influence on the occurrence of skeletal deformities. The highest proportion of deformities (16% of all fish) was in fish fed 100% amphipod meal, decreasing as the proportion of amphipod meal in the diets declined. A similar effect was not seen with Antarctic krill meal. The amphipod meal had a high content of ash, fluoride, cadmium, and mercury, which may have caused the deformities.

Evaluation of β-(1→3, 1→6)-glucans and High-M alginate used as immunostimulatory dietary supplement during first feeding and weaning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Aquaculture ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. 1088-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorunn Skjermo ◽  
Trond R. Størseth ◽  
Karina Hansen ◽  
Aleksander Handå ◽  
Gunvor Øie
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
First Feeding

The risk of running on empty: the influence of age on starvation and gut fullness in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Jordaan ◽  
Joseph A Brown
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Gut Fullness ◽  
Set Up

Two experiments were set up to evaluate whether the response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae to no-prey conditions changes with age. The first experiment was designed to test for age-specific starvation with starvation trials at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 days after hatching. Mortality, length, and swimming activity data were collected. A second experiment was conducted to determine the effect of non-feeding conditions on the residency of prey in the gut at 5, 15, 30, and 45 days after hatching. The results of experiment 1 indicated that mortality occurred most rapidly at 15 and 30 days and was delayed during the yolk-sac period (day 0). Larvae in non-fed treatments showed significantly lower activity levels, except in the 45-day treatment, and the reduction in activity occurred before the onset of mortality. In experiment 2, gut residencies displayed an age-dependent response, with 5- and 45-day-old larvae having significantly shorter residency times. We conclude that beyond the yolk-sac period, cod larvae exhibit an age-dependent trade-off between growth and starvation risk. Larval age also influences patterns of gut fullness over time, with the fastest rates of gut clearance found at first-feeding and metamorphosis.

scholarly journals Turbulence enhances feeding of larval cod at low prey densities

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 2515-2529 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kristiansen ◽  
K. W. Vollset ◽  
S. Sundby ◽  
F. Vikebø
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
High Ingestion ◽  
Biological Environment

Abstract The ability of larval fish to find food successfully after hatching is critical for their growth and survival during the early life stages. However, the feeding ecology of larval fish is strongly dependent on prevailing physical and biological conditions. Small changes in the prey distribution, turbulence, light, and ocean temperature can affect larval survival probabilities. This study combined physical and biological observations collected from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) spawning grounds from Lofoten, Norway, during the years 1991–1992 with an individual-based model (IBM) that is able to simulate behaviour, feeding, and growth. Observational data on the vertical distribution of larval cod revealed that they congregated at 10–25 m during the day, although the highest abundance of prey was generally in the upper 10 m. Using the behavioural component of the IBM, we analysed the mechanistic interactions between larval bioenergetics and the physical–biological environment and compared modelled with observed vertical larval cod distribution. During periods of both low and high prey densities, turbulence had a significant impact on larval cod feeding and growth rates as well as on larval vertical distribution. At low prey abundance (<5 nauplii l−1), turbulence enhanced encounter rates were very important for sustaining ingestion and growth rates for first-feeding larval cod. Our results suggest that turbulence allowed larval cod to sustain high ingestion rates even deeper in the water column, where prey densities are usually lower.

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