Corrigendum: Opposite effects of ocean temperature on survival rates of 120 stocks of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in northern and southern areas

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz J Mueter ◽  
Randall M Peterman ◽  
Brian J Pyper
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ocean Temperature

Opposite effects of ocean temperature on survival rates of 120 stocks of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in northern and southern areas

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz J Mueter ◽  
Randall M Peterman ◽  
Brian J Pyper
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Ocean Temperature ◽  
Climate Anomalies ◽  
The Pacific

To improve the understanding of linkages between ocean conditions and salmon productivity, we estimated effects of ocean temperature on survival rates of three species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) across 120 stocks. This multistock approach permitted more precise estimates of effects than standard single-stock analyses. The estimated effects were opposite in sign between northern and southern stocks and were quite consistent across stocks within species and areas. Warm anomalies in coastal temperatures were associated with increased survival rates for stocks in Alaska and decreased survival rates in Washington and British Columbia, suggesting that different mechanisms determine survival rates in the two areas. Regional-scale sea surface temperatures (SST, within several hundred kilometres of a stock's ocean entry point) were a much better predictor of survival rates than large-scale climate anomalies associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), suggesting that survival rates are primarily linked to environmental conditions at regional spatial scales. With appropriate cautions, these results may be used to predict the potential effects of climatic changes on salmon productivity in different areas of the Northeast Pacific.

Genetic control over survival in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.): experimental evidence between and within populations of New Zealand chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Unwin ◽  
Michael T Kinnison ◽  
Nelson C Boustead ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
Two Populations

The ability to survive to adulthood and return to natal sites is a fundamental characteristic of anadromous salmonids, and low survival is likely to have prevented establishment of new populations within and outside their native range. We hypothesised that there is family-level genetic variation in traits contributing to survival and that populations evolve to maximise survival in response to prevailing local conditions. To test these predictions, we compared postrelease survival for chinook salmon families from two populations established in New Zealand in the 1900s. Both populations, Glenariffe Stream and Hakataramea River, had similar survival when released after translocation to a drainage familiar to neither population. However, Glenariffe families had higher survival than Hakataramea families when both populations were released from Glenariffe Stream, indicating a survival advantage for the local fish. In addition, there were significant correlations between survival rates for paternal half-sib families of Glenariffe fish and between survival rates for families released from the two locations. Family-specific survival was positively correlated with weight at release, but there were underlying genetic correlations unexplained by size. Taken together, these results suggest considerable genetic influence over survival and return of salmon and that population-specific adaptation can occur within 30 generations of establishment.

scholarly journals Will depleted populations of Pacific salmon recover under persistent reductions in survival and catastrophic mortality events?

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2018-2026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Sustainable Yield ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Green Zone

Abstract Holt, C. A. 2010. Will depleted populations of Pacific salmon recover under persistent reductions in survival and catastrophic mortality events? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 2018–2026. Under Canada's Wild Salmon Policy, benchmarks between zones of biological status are required to distinguish populations requiring conservation attention (Red and Amber zones) from those that can be managed for production (Green zone). The recovery of depleted populations (i.e. from Red to Green) will depend in part on the choice of the lower benchmark. At a minimum, that benchmark should be set high enough to allow recovery within an acceptable time-frame in the absence of targeted fishing. Currently, benchmarks are evaluated and selected using simulation models that assess the probability of recovery to spawner abundance associated with the maximum sustainable yield within a specified time-frame. Guided by case examples, the evaluation is extended to include two scenarios of future conditions: persistent reductions in survival rates below the replacement level; and increased frequency of catastrophic mortality (die-off) events. Probabilities of recovery appear to be more sensitive to persistent reductions in survival than to increased probability of die-off events. The current lower benchmarks on spawner abundance and fishing mortality might not be sufficiently precautionary to allow recovery under those conditions.

Gravel Incubators: a Second Evaluation on Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Including Adult Returns

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1379-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Bams
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Salmon Fry

A hatchery method designed for mass production of unfed Pacific salmon fry and utilizing a gravel medium during most of the incubation period is being evaluated on successive cycles of a stock of pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, of the Tsolum River, B.C. Possible treatment effects are studied at emergent fry and returning adult stages in artificially and naturally propagated populations. Average growth rate and, hence, efficiency of yolk conversion were unimpeded in the hatchery environment, but fry emerged 11 days prematurely. Survival from green egg to emergent fry averaged 74.9% in the hatchery and 20.6% in the creek, for a gain ratio at emergence of 3.63. Recovery of selectively marked populations of hatchery and creek fish demonstrated almost identical survival rates from fry to adult stages and a final gain ratio of 3.46. Adult lengths and weights, fecundity, and timing of migrations were unaffected generally by the hatchery treatment.

Comparative review of Pacific salmon survival rates

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

I collated estimates of survival from the literature for naturally reproducing populations of the five major commercially harvested species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and compared the mean and variability of survival across species and life-history stages. The conclusion that survival rates can be described with a lognormal distribution was extended to include both the marine and freshwater stages. Average egg–fry survival of pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon was similar (average 7%) but was significantly lower than that of coho salmon (O. kisutch, 19%). The egg–smolt survival of chinook (O. tshawytscha) was much higher than coho or sockeye that also rear in freshwater for similar periods (7 compared with 1–2%). No direct estimates exist for the marine survival rate of naturally spawning chinook stocks; however, from fecundity and freshwater survival data a species average of 1–2% was derived. Across all species freshwater contributes slightly more to total variation in egg–adult survival than does the ocean, and the schedule of mortality during the egg–adult interval depends on the natural history of each species.

Historical trends in productivity of 120 Pacific pink, chum, and sockeye salmon stocks reconstructed by using a Kalman filter

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1842-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Dorner ◽  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Steven L. Haeseker
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Observation Error

Temporal trends in productivity of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks are important to detect in a timely and reliable manner to permit appropriate management responses. However, detecting such trends is difficult because observation error and natural variability in survival rates tend to obscure underlying trends. A Kalman filter estimation procedure has previously been shown to be effective in such situations. We used it on a Ricker spawner–recruit model to reconstruct indices of annual productivity (recruits per spawner (R/S) at low spawner abundance) based on historical data for 120 stocks of pink ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ), chum ( Oncorhynchus keta ), and sockeye ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) salmon. These stocks were from Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. The resulting estimated temporal trends in productivity show large changes (on average 60%–70% differences in R/S and average ratios of highest to lowest R/S between 5.4 and 7.9 for the three species). Such changes suggest that salmon stock assessment methods should take into account possible nonstationarity. This step will help provide scientific advice to help managers to meet conservation and management objectives. The Kalman filter results also identified some stocks that did not share temporal trends with other stocks; these exceptions may require special monitoring and management efforts.

Ultrastructural Changes in Three Different Mammalian Cells Following Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
K. Shankar Narayan ◽  
Kailash C. Gupta ◽  
Tohru Okigaki
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ultraviolet Laser

The biological effects of short-wave ultraviolet light has generally been described in terms of changes in cell growth or survival rates and production of chromosomal aberrations. Ultrastructural changes following exposure of cells to ultraviolet light, particularly at 265 nm, have not been reported.We have developed a means of irradiating populations of cells grown in vitro to a monochromatic ultraviolet laser beam at a wavelength of 265 nm based on the method of Johnson. The cell types studies were: i) WI-38, a human diploid fibroblast; ii) CMP, a human adenocarcinoma cell line; and iii) Don C-II, a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell strain. The cells were exposed either in situ or in suspension to the ultraviolet laser (UVL) beam. Irradiated cell populations were studied either "immediately" or following growth for 1-8 days after irradiation.Differential sensitivity, as measured by survival rates were observed in the three cell types studied. Pattern of ultrastructural changes were also different in the three cell types.

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