Frost bursting: a violent expression of frost action in rock

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2075-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Michaud ◽  
Jean-Claude Dionne ◽  
Larry D. Dyke
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
General Term ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Frost Action ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Massive Rock ◽  
Water Saturated

The breakdown of rock by forces attributable to the freezing of water is one of the various weathering processes included under the general term "frost action." Field observations in the Guillaume–Delisle Gulf area, subarctic Quebec, suggest that under certain conditions the process can be rapid, even explosive. By analogy to rockbursting, the term "frost bursting" is proposed as the equivalent to the French term "éclatement". Frost bursting is the process by which intact and massive rock is shattered when water saturated and submitted to intense and rapid freezing. Hydrostatic pressure developed either in pore spaces or rock cracks allows strain energy to be stored in the freezing rock. Frost bursting will occur if the material is stiff and strong enough to exhibit release of a large quantity of stored strain energy.

Paleozoic fluidization, folding, and peperite formation, northern Sierra Nevada, California

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwood R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Water Saturated

Recognition of peperite is important in establishing broad contemporaneity of magmatism and sedimentation. At an occurrence of peperite discovered recently among late Paleozoic island-arc deposits in the northern Sierra Nevada, it is possible to reconstruct the peperite-forming process largely from field observations alone. The generally concordant, upper margin of a basalt intrusion adjoins thinly laminated basaltic tuff in the Taylor Formation that was water saturated and unlithified at the time of intrusion. The water-saturated ash initially was heated by the intrusion at approximately constant, essentially hydrostatic pressure. Concurrently, the top of the intrusion was quenched and divided by shrinkage fractures. Pressure momentarily approached zero as the shrinkage fractures opened abruptly, causing vaporization of the pore water and substantial expansion and fluidizing flow of the resulting steam. The unlithified ash was swept into the shrinkage fractures, and, where the downward-propagating fractures intersected one another, basalt fragments were detached to form in situ peperite. Associated mesoscopic folds in thinly laminated tuff are shown to be a consequence of the peperite-forming process; they need not be attributed to forcible intrusion of the basaltic magma.

Buckling of Multiple-Bay Ring-Reinforced Cylindrical Shells Subject to Hydrostatic Pressure

1953 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-474
Author(s):  
W. A. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Cylindrical Shell ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Middle Surface ◽  
Elastic Buckling ◽  
Elastic Instability ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Work Done

Abstract An analytical solution is presented for the problem of the elastic instability of a multiple-bay ring-reinforced cylindrical shell subject to hydrostatic pressure applied in both the radial and axial directions. The method used is that of minimization of the total potential. Expressions for the elastic strain energy in the shell and also in the rings are written in terms of displacement components of a point in the middle surface of the shell. Expressions for the work done by the external forces acting on the cylinder likewise are written in terms of these displacement components. A displacement configuration for the buckled shell is introduced which is in agreement with experimental evidence, in contrast to the arbitrary patterns assumed by previous investigators. The total potential is expressed in terms of these displacement components and is then minimized. As a result of this minimization a set of linear homogeneous equations is obtained. In order that a nontrivial solution to this system of equations exists, it is necessary that the determinant of the coefficients vanish. This condition determines the critical pressure at which elastic buckling of the cylindrical shell will occur.

A Pressure Projection Method for Nearly Incompressible Rubber Hyperelasticity, Part I: Theory

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiun-Shyan Chen ◽  
Chunhui Pan
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Projection Method ◽  
Strain Energy Density ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Reduced Integration ◽  
Pressure Projection

A least-squares-based pressure projection method is proposed for the nonlinear analysis of nearly incompressible hyperelastic materials. The strain energy density function is separated into distortional and dilatational parts by the use of Penn’s invariants such that the hydrostatic pressure is solely determined from the dilatational strain energy density. The hydrostatic pressure and hydrostatic pressure increment calculated from displacements are projected onto appropriate pressure fields through the least-squares method. The method is applicable to lower and higher order elements and the projection procedures can be implemented into the displacement based nonlinear finite element program. By the use of certain pressure interpolation functions and reduced integration rules in the pressure projection equations, this method can be degenerated to a nonlinear version of the selective reduced integration method.

Role of Deicing Salt in Pavement Deterioration by Frost Action

1997 ◽  
Vol 1596 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Doré ◽  
Jean-Marie Konrad ◽  
Marius Roy
Keyword(s):  
Base Material ◽  
Thermal Cracking ◽  
Ride Quality ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Transverse Cracks ◽  
Deicing Salt ◽  
Frost Action ◽  
Pavement Deterioration ◽  
Granular Layers ◽  
Enrichment Process

Frost action is a major cause of pavement deterioration in cold climates. Thermal cracking, differential heaving, and loss of bearing capacity during spring thaw are often identified as the main mechanisms involved. Except for thermal cracking, frost-susceptible subgrade soils are generally considered to be the source of the problems. Field observations suggest that frost action within the pavement granular layers could also contribute to pavement deterioration. Differential freezing conditions associated with the contamination of the base material by deicing salt are believed to be the cause of this problem. Indeed, field observations of heaved pavement surfaces near discontinuities, such as cracks or pavement edges, suggest that an ice enrichment process is occurring in pavement granular layers during the freezing season. In a laboratory testing program, salt concentration gradients reproduced in freezing temperature create conditions favorable to an ice enrichment process and contribute to a substantial increase in the frost susceptibility of granular materials. Under steady isothermal cooling conditions, samples placed in layers of increasing salinity have exhibited heave at rates as high as 6 mm/day. Normal freezing tests on the same material free of salt have shown no significant segregation potential. Surface heave resulting from ice enrichment can be highly detrimental to pavement performance. Induced distortion contributes to rapid deterioration of the pavement surface. When occurring along transverse cracks, the phenomenon may seriously alter the ride quality of the pavement.

scholarly journals Mechanical Instability of Snowcover with Saturated Layer

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 292-294
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Nohguchi
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Deformation ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Mechanical Instability ◽  
Snow Density ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Saturated Layer ◽  
Water Saturated

If rain falls on a new snowcover, a water saturated layer is often clearly formed in it. A snowcover with a saturated layer is sometimes unstable; the snowcover is folded and dimples appear on the snow surface. The mechanism of this instability is discussed theoretically. As a result, we find that a snowcover with a saturated layer can be unstable owing to lateral movement of water along a saturated layer and elastic deformation of the snow layer directly under it. Then the wavelength of the instability depends on the snow density; this result is consistent with field observations.

Field observations of frost action in intact and weathered Champlain Sea clay

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Konrad ◽  
M. Roy ◽  
P. La Rochelle ◽  
S. Leroueil ◽  
G. Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Frost Heave ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Frost Action ◽  
Intact State ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Field Instrumentation ◽  
Segregation Potential ◽  
Undrained Strength

This paper presents the results of a field study on frost action in sensitive Saint–Alban clay both in an intact state, never subjected to any freeze–thaw cycles, and in its weathered state, corresponding to thousands of freeze–thaw cycles. It appears that intact clay is highly frost susceptible and displays frost heave of about 20 cm for the 1989–1990 freezing season. The segregation potential of intact clay ranges between 425 and 550 × 10−5 mm2/(s∙ °C), while that of the crust is only about 40 to 50 × 10−5 mm2/(s∙ °C). In the field, destructured clay displayed a segregation potential value of 265 × 10−5 mm2/(s∙ °C). Loss of bearing capacity during thaw of frozen intact clay is substantial, with reduction in undrained strength from 10 to 2.5 kPa. Key words : sensitive clays, frost heave, field, instrumentation, segregation potential.

Finite extension and torsion of cylinders

1951 ◽  
Vol 244 (876) ◽  
pp. 47-86 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Complex Variable ◽  
Energy Function ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Strain Energy Function ◽  
Finite Extension ◽  
Order Effects

The theory of finite elastic deformations of an isotropic body, in which a completely general strainenergy function is used, is applied to the problem of a small twist superposed upon a finite extension of a cylinder which has a constant cross-section. The law which relates the force necessary to produce the large extension, with the torsional modulus for the small torsion superposed on that extension, is given by a simple general formula. When the material is incompressible the corresponding law is independent of the particular form of the strain-energy function which applies to the material. When the cylinder is not a circular cylinder or a circular cylindrical tube the twisting couple vanishes for a certain value of the extension ratio, this value being independent of the particular form of the strain-energy function when the material is incompressible. The problems of a small twist superposed upon a hydrostatic pressure, or upon a combined hydrostatic pressure and tension, are also solved. Attention is then confined to isotropic incompressible rubber-like materials using a strain-energy function suggested by Mooney, and the second-order effects which accompany the torsion of cylinders of constant cross-sections are examined. The problem is reduced to the determination of two functions of a complex variable which are regular in the cross-section of the cylinders and which satisfy a suitable boundary condition on the boundary of the cross-section. The solution is expressed as an integral equation and applications are made to cylinders with various cross-sections. This theory is then generalized to include the second-order effects in torsion superposed upon a finite extension of the cylinders. Complex variables are used throughout this part of the paper, and the problem is reduced to the determination of four canonical functions of a complex variable, these functions being the solutions of certain integral equations. An explicit solution is given for an elliptical cylinder but without using the integral equations.

scholarly journals Mechanical Instability of Snowcover with Saturated Layer

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Nohguchi
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Deformation ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Mechanical Instability ◽  
Snow Density ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Saturated Layer ◽  
Water Saturated

If rain falls on a new snowcover, a water saturated layer is often clearly formed in it. A snowcover with a saturated layer is sometimes unstable; the snowcover is folded and dimples appear on the snow surface. The mechanism of this instability is discussed theoretically. As a result, we find that a snowcover with a saturated layer can be unstable owing to lateral movement of water along a saturated layer and elastic deformation of the snow layer directly under it. Then the wavelength of the instability depends on the snow density; this result is consistent with field observations.

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