Lithostratigraphy and limiting optical ages of the Pleistocene fill in Fraser River valley near Clinton, south-central British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav B Lian ◽  
Stephen R Hicock
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Valley Fill ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Glacial Advance

The Fraser River valley near Clinton contains a thick sediment fill that is presently incised down to bedrock. The sequence, approximately 500 m thick, is generally upward fining and consists of up to 100 m of glacigenic debris flow diamicton and glaciofluvial–deltaic gravel and sand at the base, overlain by about 350 m of glaciolacustrine sediments and minor diamicton, which is in turn capped by several metres of till. The sequence is interpreted to represent (i) valley aggradation in response to glaciation, followed by (ii) the impoundment of the valley by sediment and (or) ice, and the formation of a large proglacial lake(s), and finally (iii) overriding of the valley fill by glaciers. This glacial advance sequence can be readily correlated with previously studied units situated immediately to the north, most of which have been associated with the last glaciation; however, the age of these units has been based only on stratigraphic relations. We introduce limiting optical ages from a widespread glaciolacustrine unit that show that the glacial advance sequence was formed, at the earliest, during the penultimate Okanagan Centre Glaciation (oxygen isotope stage 4; ca. 74–59 ka), but almost certainly during the (last) Fraser Glaciation (oxygen isotope stage 2; ca. 24–12 ka). It could not have been deposited during oxygen isotope stage 6, or during an older glaciation.

Development of Quaternary travertines in the carbonate mountains of the western Costa del Sol, Málaga, southern Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Antonio Guerra-Merchán ◽  
Francisco Serrano ◽  
José M. García-Aguilar ◽  
José E. Ortiz ◽  
Trinidad Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
The South ◽  
Amino Acid Racemization ◽  
Mis 3 ◽  
The North

AbstractThe predominantly carbonate nature of the mountains near the coast of Málaga and Marbella (Costa del Sol, southern Spain) and the presence of springs have favored the formation of travertine buildups during the Quaternary. The geomorphic characteristics of the slopes and the location of the springs have determined the development of three types of travertine growths: (1) spring travertines, located preferentially on the south mountainside, where the slope is steepest; (2) pool-dam-cascade travertines, which form along the north and east edges, far from the carbonate relief and with a gentler slope; and (3) river-valley travertines, formed in the courses of the springs of any sector. Field observations combined with new amino acid racemization (AAR) dating of Helicidae gastropods show that most of the travertine formations are polyphasic and that their development was interrupted by stages of erosion and incision. Five stages of travertine development are evident, most of which are related to warm, moist episodes corresponding to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 7, 5, 3, and 1, although local travertine growth also occurred during MIS 6 and during the transition from MIS 3 to 2.

Cosmogenic nuclide chronology of pre-last glacial maximum moraines at Lago Buenos Aires, 46�S, Argentina

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Kaplan ◽  
Daniel C. Douglass ◽  
Bradley S. Singer ◽  
Robert P. Ackert ◽  
Marc W. Caffee
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Rate Estimate ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Cosmogenic Nuclide ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Glacial Advance

At Lago Buenos Aires, Argentina, 10Be, 26Al, and 40Ar/39Ar ages range from 190,000 to 109,000 yr for two moraines deposited prior to the last glaciation, 23,000�16,000 yr ago. Two approaches, maximum boulder ages assuming no erosion, and the average age of all boulders and an erosion rate of 1.4 mm/103 yr, both yield a common estimate age of 150,000�140,000 yr for the two moraines. The erosion rate estimate derives from 10Be and 26Al concentrations in old erratics, deposited on moraines that are >760,000 yr old on the basis of interbedded 40Ar/39Ar dated lavas. The new cosmogenic ages indicate that a major glaciation during marine oxygen isotope stage 6 occurred in the mid-latitude Andes. The next five youngest moraines correspond to stage 2. There is no preserved record of a glacial advance during stage 4. The distribution of dated boulders and their ages suggest that at least one major glaciation occurred between 760,000 and >200,000 yr ago. The mid-latitude Patagonian glacial record, which is well preserved because of low erosion rates, indicates that during the last two glacial cycles major glaciations in the southern Andes have been in phase with growth and decay of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, especially at the 100,000 yr periodicity. Thus, glacial maxima are global in nature and are ultimately paced by small changes in Northern Hemisphere insolation.

scholarly journals Bedrock Control on Glacial Limits: Examples from the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges, North-Western Himalaya, India

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (108) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Burbank ◽  
Monique B. Fort
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Equilibrium Line ◽  
Indus River ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western ◽  
Glacial Advance

AbstractIn the north-western Himalaya, the distribution of modem glaciers and snowlines in the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges adjacent to the Indus River valley suggests comparable climatic conditions prevail in the two ranges. Similarly, the positions of terminal moraines and reconstructed equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) indicate equivalent magnitudes of Neoglacial and Late Glacial advances in both ranges. However, the terminal positions and reconstructed ELAs from the late Pleistocene maximum advances are at least 400 m lower in the Ladakh Range than in the nearby Zanskar Range. These differences do not appear to reflect either climatic or tectonic controls. Rather, they are caused by an unusual bedrock configuration in the Zanskar Range, where vertical strata of indurated sandstones and conglomerates, and narrow steep-walled canyons cut through them, created a bulwark that effectively precluded significant down-valley advance. Without recognition of this physical impedance to glacial advance, uncritical reconstructions would greatly overestimate the altitude of the ELA in the Zanskar Range.

Variation in Soil-Catena Characteristics of Moraines with Time and Climate, South Island, New Zealand

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Birkeland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Soil Catena ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Soil Age ◽  
Wet Climate ◽  
Age Relations

AbstractSoil catenas on three moraines in each of two areas with different climate were studied to determine (a) downcatena soil differentiation with climate and time and (b) their usefulness in estimating the relative ages of the underlying deposits. In the dry area (mean annual precipitation (MAP), ca. 0.5 m) all soils have A/Bw/C profiles formed in loess/till. Their similarity in morphology and in most chemical characteristics with catena position and age suggests that the low MAP does not result in much redistribution of water, elements, or sediment downcatena. This similarity also suggests ages close to each other and correlation with the Otiran Glaciation (oxygen-isotope stages 2 and 4). In the wet area (MAP ca. 3 m) the soils also formed in loess/till and with time (a) soil morphology progresses from A/Bw/C to A/E/B/C, (h) reduced properties intensify, especially in the downcatena profiles, (c) citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite-extractable Fe displays accumulation in the youngest catena followed by loss in the older catenas, and (d) downcatena trends in total chemical data display marked losses of the more mobile elements. These data demonstrate that although catena development is rapid in a wet climate, the downcatena contrast can be muted with time due to a change from processes dominated by oxidation to those dominated by reduction. Soil catena properties in the wet area are sufficiently different to not refute age estimations suggested by Suggate (1990): youngest moraine, oxygen-isotope stage 2; intermediate moraine, isotope stage 4; and oldest moraine, isotope stage 10. An unresolved problem in both areas is the possibility of soil erosion to foul soil-age relations.

A multi-proxy study of Argentina loess: Marine oxygen isotope stage 4 and 5 environmental record from pedogenic hematite

2006 ◽  
Vol 239 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Carter-Stiglitz ◽  
Subir K. Banerjee ◽  
Alexandra Gourlan ◽  
Eric Oches
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Stage 4

Underground Houses on the British Columbian Coast

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Northern California ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Way

Semi-Subterranean houses with an entrance through the roof are a well known feature of the interior of British Columbia, having been described for the Thompson, the Chilcotin, the Shuswap and others of the upper Fraser River valley. They have, in fact, an even wider distribution east of the Coast and Cascade Ranges, extending south over the Plateau and into northern California. Although this type of dwelling existed among the Aleuts, it appears that the coastal people to the south of them, even in Alaska, were either unfamiliar with the pattern or rejected it in favor of others. Sporadically, along the Pacific Coast all the way from California to Bering Sea, house floors were excavated to varying depths, sometimes even to two levels; but, everywhere, the houses characteristically lack the roof entrance and, except for sweathouses in the south and Bering Sea Eskimo dwellings in the north, even the idea of an earth covering is absent. In view of this fundamental divergence, it is interesting that subterranean structures do appear in several places on the coast of British Columbia.

Stratigraphic Context of Old Crow Tephra, Holitna Lowland, Interior Southwest Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher F. Waythomas ◽  
Peter D. Lea ◽  
Robert C. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Fission Track ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
Eolian Sand ◽  
Aleutian Arc ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Eolian Deposits ◽  
Sand Sheet ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequences

AbstractA thick deposit of Old Crow tephra was discovered in a bluff exposure along the middle Holitna River near the Kulukbuk Hills (61°20′N latitude, 157°10′W longitude) in interior southwest Alaska. This locality is the southwesternmost-known deposit of Old Crow tephra in Alaska. Thickness and grain-size data from this site support a source volcano in the eastern Aleutian arc. Pleistocene stratigraphic sequences in the lowland are dominated by upward-fining eolian sand-sheet deposits and loess separated by organic silt. These deposits record at least two episodes of regional glaciation and an intervening nonglacial period (marine oxygen isotope stage 3, stage 5, or both). Old Crow tephra crops out near the top of the lower upward-fining eolian unit, indicating that the ash erupted near the end of an interval of periglacial eolian sedimentation. The sequence of eolian deposits that contain Old Crow tephra probably accumulated during the latter part of marine oxygen isotope stage 6, whereas the overlying eolian sequence formed during the last glaciation (stage 2). This stratigraphic position is consistent with other stratigraphic contexts for the tephra and with fission-track and thermoluminescence ages of ca. 140,000 ± 10,000 yr B.P.

scholarly journals Bedrock Control on Glacial Limits: Examples from the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges, North-Western Himalaya, India

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (108) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Burbank ◽  
Monique B. Fort
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Equilibrium Line ◽  
Indus River ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western ◽  
Glacial Advance

AbstractIn the north-western Himalaya, the distribution of modem glaciers and snowlines in the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges adjacent to the Indus River valley suggests comparable climatic conditions prevail in the two ranges. Similarly, the positions of terminal moraines and reconstructed equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) indicate equivalent magnitudes of Neoglacial and Late Glacial advances in both ranges. However, the terminal positions and reconstructed ELAs from the late Pleistocene maximum advances are at least 400 m lower in the Ladakh Range than in the nearby Zanskar Range. These differences do not appear to reflect either climatic or tectonic controls. Rather, they are caused by an unusual bedrock configuration in the Zanskar Range, where vertical strata of indurated sandstones and conglomerates, and narrow steep-walled canyons cut through them, created a bulwark that effectively precluded significant down-valley advance. Without recognition of this physical impedance to glacial advance, uncritical reconstructions would greatly overestimate the altitude of the ELA in the Zanskar Range.

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