A STUDY OF METHODS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NITROGENOUS MATERIAL FROM PLANTS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SUBSEQUENT DETERMINATION OF THE LIGNIN CONTENT

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (6) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. DeLong ◽  
D. MacDougall
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Continuous Extraction ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Subsequent Determination

A study has been made of methods for the removal of nitrogenous constituents from plant tissues prior to determination of their lignin contents. It was found that substitution of a continuous extraction method for the usual treatment with hot 1% hydrochloric acid had little effect on the amount of lignin isolated but apparently lowered its methoxyl content. Continuous extraction thus appears to cause some demethoxylation of lignin. Treatment with cold 5% acetic acid apparently can be substituted for the hot 1% hydrochloric acid extraction with very young but not with older, undried tissue. Ether saturated water was found to be the most satisfactory nonacid extractant for removal of nitrogen-containing material from young undried tissues. Upwards of 90% of the original nitrogen can be removed from such material by three extractions with this solvent. With older tissues or with material that has been dried, this proportion of the nitrogen cannot be removed except by extraction with hot dilute mineral acid.

scholarly journals STUDY OF GELATIN FROM DUCK BONE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HALAL GELATIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhammad Habbib Khirzin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Alternative Sources

Gelatin is an intermediate ingredient which is oftenly used in many field such as food, pharmacy, and cosmetics. It is usually extracted from pig and cow. Halal issue of gelatin sources and the outbreaks of mad cow diseases encouraged people to find an alternative sources of gelatin. One of the alternative sources of gelatin was duck bone. The aim of this research was to describe physicochemical properties of duck bone gelatin which is extracted by using acid extraction method as an alternative sources of halal gelatin. The extraction of duck bone gelatin used 5% concentration of HCl (hydrochloric acid). The extraction process consisted of four steps, they were degreassing, defating, demineralization, and acid extraction. The result showed that gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had these several characteristic: yield of 6.24%, pH 4.0, water content of 13.43%, ash content of 13.42%, protein content of 65.43%, and whiteness degree of 30.35%. Generally, gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had similar characteristic with commercial gelatin and SNI standard. Further researcher had been suggested to reoptimized extraction method in order to reduce ash content.

scholarly journals Determination of Biogenic Amines in Cheese

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1006-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana R Vale ◽  
M Beatriz A Glória
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Fluorometric Detection ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Ion Pair Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Postcolumn Derivatization ◽  
Ml Detection

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure for determining 10 biogenic amines in cheese is described. The method is based on ion-pair chromatography on a reversed-phase column with postcolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and fluorometric detection. It allowed simultaneous determination of 10 amines in <80 min: histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, serotonin, agmatine,spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and cadaverine. Linearity for each amine was observed between 0.5 and 6.0 μg/mL. Detection limits ranged from 0.004 to 0.009 μg/20 μL, and determination limits ranged from 0.066 to 0.149 mg/100 g. Amino acids and other amines did not interfere with determination of biogenic amines. Three extractantsmethanol, hydrochloric acid, and trichloroacetic acidwere compared in their efficiency to recover aminesfrom spiked samples. Purification of the cheese extract was required prior to LC to avoid interference from compounds in the cheese matrix. Hydrochloric acid extraction followed by purification with diethyl ether gave best recoveries for all the amines (75.5-112.3%). The method is simple, fast, and reliable. It can be used to study the technological and toxicological implications of biogenic amines in cheeses.

A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LIGNIN CONTENT OF FRESH PLANT TISSUE WITHOUT PRELIMINARY DRYING

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (6) ◽  
pp. 468-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. DeLong ◽  
D. MacDougall
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Fresh Plant ◽  
Oat Straw

A method of determining the lignin content of fresh plant tissue without preliminary drying has been devised. Prior to the final lignin determination with 72% sulphuric acid, the tissue is cut up, extracted with ether saturated water in a Waring Blendor, refluxed with 1% hydrochloric acid, and finally extracted with ethanol–benzene. For comparison, determinations were carried out by the above method and the standard A.O.A.C. procedure on material that had been air-dried at room temperature. Both greenhouse and field grown oat plants cut at various growth stages were used in this study. The modified method gave lower lignin values than the standard procedure with young succulent tissue. This difference decreased as the age of the tissue increased, and the results by all methods were very similar with oat straw. That the modified procedure on fresh tissue removes more interfering nitrogenous material than the other methods used is indicated by the lower nitrogen content of the lignin isolated. The absolute methoxyl contents of the residues isolated from dried tissue were greater than of those isolated from fresh material (from the same source). This may have been due to the inclusion of more methoxyl-containing carbohydrates in the former residues.

The Nature of Vulcanization. Part IV (Continued)

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
H. P. Stevens ◽  
W. H. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Alcoholic Potash ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
Mineral Sulfides

Abstract In a previous communication the authors have discussed the limiting figure for combined sulfur in vulcanized rubber, and shown that under suitable circumstances the coefficient of vulcanization can exceed the figure of 47, which is that required by the formula C5H3S. It was thought that the combined sulfur in excess of this amount resulted from the substitution of sulfur for hydrogen. (Further information on this point will be found in the second part of this paper.) In the course of these experiments use was made of the ether-hydrochloric acid extraction method for the removal of mineral sulfides in soft vulcanized rubber. It was thought that this extraction method might not be suitable for use with vulcanites, since the amount of swelling produced by the ether was relatively inappreciable, and consequently the metallic sulfides were not necessarily decomposed. It was also thought that the acid mixture might react with a part of the rubber sulfide and result in a lower coefficient, which would depend on the time of extraction. It is known that vulcanite can be decomposed by the action of alcoholic potash, and the combined sulfur has been reduced in some cases to 26 per cent. It is reasonable to suppose that decomposition takes place in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid. In order to determine the extent to which the sulfide is decomposed by the action of the acid a series of extractions was made.

The Determination of phosphorus in soils

1936 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Suggested Method ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
End Point

1. Phosphorus in hydrochloric acid extracts of soil may be conveniently determined by digestion with sulphuric and nitric acids.2. By boiling soil with hydrochloric acid (B.P. 110° C.) for 48 hours under reflux an end-point of extraction is reached.3. Digestion of soil with sulphuric and nitric acids gives results in agreement with results by 48 hours” hydrochloric acid extraction.4. It is suggested that the phosphorus thus extracted represents a definite category of soil phosphorus, which may be taken as the total phosphorus present in the soil.5. Details of the suggested method are given.

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