THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM IODIDE, SODIUM IODIDE, AND IOD-ETHAMINE UPON THE CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE AND ALCOHOL-INSOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF BLOOD IODINE

1945 ◽  
Vol 23e (6) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd ◽  
M. C. Blanchaer
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Simple Diffusion

Potassium iodide, sodium iodide, and Iod-Ethamine were given by stomach tube to 54 rabbits and the concentration of alcohol-soluble and -insoluble blood iodine followed for a period up to 24 hr. Following all three iodides, there was a rise and fall in the values of both fractions of blood iodine, the values for the alcohol-soluble fraction rising to the higher levels but declining more rapidly than the values for the alcohol-insoluble fraction. Potassium iodide had the advantage over sodium iodide that after its use the peak levels of both fractions of blood iodine were maintained for a longer period of time. Iod-Ethamine had the advantage over potassium iodide that higher peak levels were reached with both fractions of blood iodine and, while not maintained for as long as after potassium iodide, these peak levels were held for several hours and for a longer period than following sodium iodide. The concentrations of blood iodine were of the same order or higher than those found in respiratory tract fluid following administration of the same dose of iodides, suggesting that the appearance of iodine-containing substances in respiratory tract fluid (R.T.F.) after iodide therapy is of the nature of a simple diffusion from blood.

THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC IODIDES UPON THE OUTPUT OF RESPIRATORY TRACT FLUID

1945 ◽  
Vol 23e (6) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd ◽  
M. C. Blanchaer ◽  
Joan Copeland ◽  
Shirley Jackson ◽  
K. Phin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bronchial Glands ◽  
Volume Output ◽  
Afferent Vagus

In an investigation of the reputed expectorant action of iodides, some 300 to 400 rabbits and cats were urethanized and arranged for the collection of respiratory tract fluid (R.T.F.). Potassium iodide and the synthetic, organic iodides Siomine (N.N.R.), and Iod-Ethamine, given by stomach tube, significantly augmented the output of R.T.F. in doses comparable to the recommended human dose. Iodized proteins, such as Iodalbin (N.N.R.) and Iodo-Casein (N.N.R.), and iodized fatty acids or oils, such as Lipoiodine (N.N.R.), Iodo-starine (N.N.R.), Lipiodol (N.N.R.), Oridine (N.N.R.) Stearodine (N.N.R.), Sajodin (N.N.R.), and Iodicin, had no effect upon the volume output of R.T.F., even when given in a wide range of doses. The mechanism of expectorant action was studied with potassium iodide, which, when given to urethanized cats in which the anterior and posterior gastric branches of the vagus nerve had been severed, caused no increase in the output of R.T.F., proving that the expectorant action was by way of a reflex from the stomach, probably up the afferent vagus to the medulla oblongata and then down the efferent vagus to the bronchial glands. No evidence was found that the expectorant action of iodides was due to a direct effect upon the bronchial glands, but after giving potassium iodide and Iod-Ethamine to cats and rabbits, there followed a marked increase in the concentration of iodine-containing compounds in the R.T.F., and this latter may or may not account for the reputed mucus-liquefying effect of iodides.

scholarly journals The radical scavenging activity of 2-2’ diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazil (DPPH) on the methanol extracts and Ethyl acetate fractions of red dragon fruit peel  (Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C.Weber) Britton dan Rose)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Sri Wahdaningsih ◽  
Subagus Wahyuono ◽  
Sugeng Riyanto ◽  
Retno Murwanti
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Dragon Fruit

<p> </p><p>Red dragon fruit (<em>H. Polyrhizus</em>) is one of the the plants that has a great potential as natural antioxidant. This study tested the activity of radical scavenging of 2-2' diphenyl -1- pikril hidrazil (DPPH) in the methanol extract, as well as in the soluble and insoluble fractions of ethyl acetate of red dragon fruit peel. This research is carried out through various stages, such as: extraction and fractionation to obtain both insoluble fraction and soluble fractions of ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity test is conducted by the method of thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry.<strong> </strong>Antioxidant activity test, IC<sub>50 </sub>values of methanol extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and insoluble fraction of ethyl acetate had been obtained consecutively as much as 241.19 µg /mL, 8.34  µg/mL, 46.84 µg/mL. The soluble fraction of ethyl acetate had greater antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract and the insoluble fractions of ethyl acetate.</p>

Regulation of HSP25 expression and phosphorylation in functionally overloaded rat plantaris and soleus muscles

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Huey
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Hindlimb Muscle ◽  
Muscle Loading ◽  
Muscle Remodeling

Functional overload (FO) is a powerful inducer of muscle hypertrophy and both oxidative and mechanical stress in muscle fibers. Heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) may protect against both of these stressors, and its expression can be regulated by changes in muscle loading and activation. The primary purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that chronic FO increases HSP25 expression and phosphorylation (pHSP25) in hypertrophying rat hindlimb muscle. HSP25 and pHSP25 levels were quantified in soluble and insoluble fractions of the soleus and plantaris to determine whether 3 or 7 days of FO increase translocation of HSP25 and/or pHSP25 to the insoluble fraction. p38 protein and phosphorylation (p-p38) was measured to determine its association with changes in pHSP25. HSP25 mRNA showed time-dependent increases in both the soleus and plantaris with FO. Three or seven days of FO increased HSP25 and pHSP25 in the soluble fraction in both muscles, with a greater response in the plantaris. In the insoluble fraction, HSP25 was increased after 3 or 7 days in both muscles, whereas pHSP25 was only increased in the 7-day plantaris. p38 and p-p38 increased in the plantaris at both time points. In the soleus, p-p38 only increased after 7 days. These results show that FO is associated with changes in HSP25 expression and phosphorylation and suggest its role in the remodeling that occurs during muscle hypertrophy. Increases in HSP25 in the insoluble fraction suggest that it may help to stabilize actin and/or other cytoskeletal proteins during the stress of muscle remodeling.

Fractionation of Rubber

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F. Bloomfield ◽  
Ernest Harold Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fractional Dissolution ◽  
Judicious Choice ◽  
Hydrocarbon Molecules ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Abstract Latex rubber which has been purified to the point at which it contains an insignificant amount of nitrogen can be separated by fractional dissolution in a mixture of petroleum and acetone into a series of hydrocarbon fractions of decreasing solubility and increasing molecular magnitude. All these fractions except the highest are soluble in petroleum and in benzene. Crepe rubber, on the other hand, appears invariably to contain a small, most-soluble fraction of oxygenated rubber, and a small similar quite insoluble fraction of material of high molecular weight. Between these extremes the rubber can be divided into fractions of increasing molecular weight, although, up to the present, about 70 per cent of the total rubber has appeared in a single fraction. It may be possible later, by judicious choice of another pair of solvents, to resolve this major fraction into a series of subfractions. Kemp and Peters refer to the effect of polar nonsolvents in reducing the viscosity of rubber solutions and also in assisting to bring gel rubber into solution, phenomena to which the polar molecules conceivably contribute by countering the forces of association between the rubber molecules. The present series of fractionations was conducted throughout in the presence of a polar nonsolvent (acetone), and hence may be considered to approach towards a separation of true rubber molecules as distinct from molecular aggregates. It is found, however, that, whereas the more soluble fractions of acetone-extracted crepe rubber contain small proportions of nitrogen, the least soluble fractions contain substantial proportions. Any effect which the nitrogenous material may have in assisting to link together hydrocarbon molecules to which it is attached, i. e., in contributing to the high-molecular condition of a portion of natural rubber, remains at present uncertain in character. The fractions of rubber, and especially the higher ones, show a strong tendency to become insoluble when they have once been freed from the last traces of solvent. It seems doubtful whether the decreased solubility is due to oxygen as it would require to be effective at exceedingly low concentrations.

Effect of culture from the zygote stage on the metabolism of glucose and glutamine by 2-cell embryos and blastocysts recovered from outbred or F1 hybrid female mice

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZF Du ◽  
RG Wales
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Hybrid Female ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Maternal Genotype ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose ◽  
Zygote Stage

The oxidation and incorporation of glucose and glutamine by embryos derived from cultured zygotes was compared with the utilization of these substrates by embryos recovered directly from the reproductive tract of pregnant females. The oxidation of glutamine was greater at the blastocyst stage than at the 2-cell stage. Embryos derived from outbred females (Qs) were less active in the oxidation of glutamine than those from hybrid (B10D2F1) females and development in culture was detrimental to this oxidation, especially in blastocysts from the outbred stock. The oxidation of glutamine was stimulated by the presence of glucose at the 2-cell stage but reduced by its presence at the blastocyst stage. Maternal genotype had no effect on the oxidation of glucose at either the 2-cell or blastocyst stage, and only at the blastocyst stage was there evidence of a detrimental effect of culture. The oxidation of glucose was stimulated by the presence of glutamine at the 2-cell stage but depressed by its addition at the blastocyst stage. Incorporation of glutamine increased with development, but this was reduced at the blastocyst stage by development in culture, especially if the blastocysts were derived from outbred females. Incorporation of glucose also increased with development. At the 2-cell stage, culture reduced incorporation of this substrate, especially into the acid-soluble fraction of embryos from outbred females. In blastocysts, incorporation of glucose into the acid-insoluble fraction was depressed by culture and in embryos from outbred females. In contrast to glucose oxidation, incorporation of glucose into the acid-soluble fraction was reduced by the addition of glutamine at the 2-cell stage but increased by its addition at the blastocyst stage.

scholarly journals In vitro fibrillogenesis of collagen II from pig vitreous humour

1995 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Yang ◽  
H Notbohm ◽  
Y Açil ◽  
R Heifeng ◽  
S Bierbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Collagen Types ◽  
Collagen Molecules ◽  
Collagen Ii

Collagen from pig vitreous humour was fractionated into a soluble and an insoluble fraction by centrifugation. Most of the collagen II in the soluble fraction was present as pN-collagen II (procollagen II without the C-terminal propeptide), besides smaller quantities of procollagen II, collagen II and two as yet unidentified alpha-chains of collagen II. Other collagen types may be present only in trace amounts. Collagen II of the insoluble fraction, which is mostly deposited in fibrillar aggregates, consists of both pN-collagen II and collagen II. To determine the possible role of collagen II precursors in the formation of the extracellular matrix of the vitreous humour these collagen molecules were purified and in vitro fibrillogenesis was used to demonstrate that pN-collagen II could form fibrils in mixtures with collagen II. These fibrils have a reduced mass per unit length depending on the content of pN-collagen in the mixture. Cross-sections of the newly formed fibrillar aggregates revealed a flattened shape. The incomplete processing of the precursors of collagen II may be part of regulatory mechanisms possibly controlling the formation of a translucent scaffold as is required in the vitreous humour.

STUDIES OF ASPOROGENIC MUTANTS OF BACILLUS CEREUS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS WITH CALCIUM AND ZINC

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cooney ◽  
D. G. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Culture Cycle

The physiology of spore formation was studied in Bacillus cereus and a temperature-sensitive asporogenic mutant. The parent organism sporulates when cultured in a minimal medium at either 28 °C or 37 °C while the mutant sporulates only at 28 °C. The blocking of sporulation at 37 °C has been referred to as "abortive" sporulation. Uptake of calcium and zinc was followed during growth and sporulation or "abortive" sporulation. Calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA) levels in sporogenic cultures increased as the medium calcium was increased. The asporogenic mutant took up less calcium and synthesized little DPA. Heat resistance of spores increased as the calcium and DPA increased. Over 99% of Ca45or Zn65were released from labelled spores when autoclaved to release DPA. Chemical fractionations were made of cells labelled with Zn65and Ca45and harvested at different times during the culture cycle. Smaller percentages of calcium than of zinc were located in the cold trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction. The alcohol-soluble, ether-insoluble fraction of spores contained a greater percentage of calcium than was found in vegetative cells. Cells which had undergone "abortive" sporulation contained the same percentage of calcium in this fraction as homologous vegetative cells.

Effect of nitrogen nutrition on distribution of photosynthetically incorporated 14CO2 in Lolium perenne

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Barta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Ammonium Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
C Metabolism ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Ryegrass plants grown in low NO3-N, high NO3-N, or high NH4-N nutrient culture were labeled by assimilation of 14CO2 by the tops. Plants were harvested 2, 6, and 24 h after labeling and percentage, 14C incorporation was measured in ethanol-soluble, chloroform-soluble, and ethanol-insoluble fractions of leaves, stems, and roots. Low N roots accumulated the greatest and high NH4-N roots accumulated the least 14C at the end of 24 h. Low NO3-N plants had higher levels of ethanol-soluble 14C and lower chloroform-soluble and ethanol-insoluble 14C than high NO3-N plants. Analysis of the ethanol-soluble fraction revealed higher, 14C content in sugars and less in amino acids in low NO3-N plants than in high NO3-N plants. Labeling patterns in high NH4-N plants suggested incipient ammonium toxicity since 14C metabolism was retarded, yet the plants showed no visual toxicity symptoms. When using percentage conversion of label from the ethanol-soluble to ethanol-insoluble fraction as a criterion for plant metabolism, roots appeared to be more sensitive to N deficiency than were tops. This result implies that reduced root growth and (or) function (nutrient uptake) may be one of the first effects of N deficiency.

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