FEMALE STERILITY IN POTATOES

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (2) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Irish Cobbler ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Gametophyte Development ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Flower Abscission ◽  
Sterility Genes

Between 600 and 900 ovules are estimated to begin development in single normal potato ovaries. The number of seeds per fruit ranged from 0 to 183 in 1941, from 7 to 472 in 1942.Sectioned ovules from several potato varieties were examined. Estimates of the proportion of aborted ovules from freshly opened flowers or nearly mature buds were as follows: Minn. 75-5: 10%, Earlaine: 15%, Early Ohio: 20%, Irish Cobbler: 30–40%, Sebago: 60%, U.S.D.A. 46000: 80%, Netted Gem: 100%. Pollen from the first two varieties only in this list has been used successfully in crosses. In Netted Gem few gametophytes began development, most of the abortion occurring earlier. In the other varieties a larger proportion of the abortion became evident after gametophyte development had been initiated. In Sebago many embryo sacs were immature in freshly opened flowers. Inexact distribution of chromosomes at meiosis probably accounts for a part of the observed abortion. Sterility genes may be responsible for a part. Premature bud and flower abscission lowers the expressed fertility of all varieties but is more effective in some: e.g. Netted Gem and Early Ohio, than in others, e.g. Minn. 75-5 and Earlaine. Fertilization in Irish Cobbler occurred mainly two to four days after pollination; 50% of ovules in the upper half of the ovary showed endosperm divisions. Evidence of fertilization was seen in less than 5% of ovules of U.S.D.A. 46000 taken four days after pollination. Nutritive cells of the integument became considerably enlarged in many ovules containing aborted embryo sacs.

STERILITY IN POTATOES

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (5) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Fertile Line ◽  
Flower Abscission

Microspore tetrads were rarely formed in three male-sterile potato varieties studied. Dyads and triads were much more common. The failure of the second meiotic divisions appeared to be the main reason for the lack of tetrads. Many of the microspores aborted without enlarging, some did grow, however, and round off. In presumably mature anthers from open flowers, microspores were very variable in size and in the appearance of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Anther pores usually failed to open. The pollen-fertile varieties formed microspores that were almost entirely in tetrads. Mature anthers had roomy locules, open anther pores, and large numbers of uniform, sound-appearing pollen grains. They contained also some empty grains. About one-half the grains from one pollen-fertile line were empty. Abscission of buds and flowers is an important factor contributing to sterility or at least unfruitfulness in many potato varieties, including the three male-sterile ones reported in this paper. Following pollination with sound pollen, a few seeds have been obtained, though with some difficulty, from each of the male-sterile lines. Premature flower abscission rather than female sterility appears to be the main bar to seed production when sound pollen is applied.

Resistance of four potato varieties to the potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (zell.) in storage

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. O. Ojero ◽  
J. M. Mueke
Keyword(s):  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Phthorimaea Operculella ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Potato Tuber Moth ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance ◽  
The Mean

AbstractInsect-free tubers of four potato varieties, namely Kenya Baraka, Anett, Kerrs Pink and Roslin Gucha were exposed to adult Phlhorimaea operculella for 14 days in uncontrolled conditions in storages. On examination of the tubers 16 days after exposure, the percentage of infested tubers was determined: Kenya Baraka—62.50, Anett—77.50, Kerrs Pink—85.00 and Roslin Gucha—86.25%. The larvae made the following mean tunnel lengths: 44.65, 95.33, 88.33 and 104.23 cm in Kenya Baraka, Anett, Kerrs Pink and Roslin Gucha varieties, respectively. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the number of tubers infested (per cent), there were significant differences in the mean length of tunnels made by the larvae in Kenya Baraka and the other three varieties at P < 0.05. The mean number of larvae which survived in 10 tubers were 6.75, 11.25, 15.75 and 18.00 for Kenya Baraka, Anett, Kerrs Pink and Roslin Gucha varieties, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between Kenya Baraka and Kerrs Pink; Kenya Baraka and Roslin Gucha; and Roslin Gucha and Anett varieties (P < 0.05). Thus Roslin Gucha was the least resistant of the four varieties tested, whereas Kenya Baraka emerged as the most resistant variety. The mechanism of resistance in this case was most probably antibiosis.

scholarly journals Non-mendelian female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: variations of chromosomal contamination when caused by chromosomes of various inducer efficiencies

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Pélisson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Genetic Element ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Classical Genetic ◽  
Apparent Change

SUMMARYA quite specific kind of sterile F1 female, called SF females, arises only when females of strains denoted reactive are crossed with males of the other class (inducer). It was previously shown that this sterility results from a nucleocytoplasmic interaction between the maternal reactive cytoplasm and a factor, called I, which may be born by any one of the paternal chromosomes. In SF females, but not in their brothers, a varying proportion of reactive chromosomes are able to acquire irreversibly the I factor, independently of any classical genetic recombination with the inducer chromosome(s). During this process, called chromosomal contamination, the contaminating chromosome(s) do not undergo any apparent change. The present paper deals with the efficiency of both original inducer and contaminated chromosomes to yield a more or less intense SF sterility. The Otanu inducer laboratory strain contains at least two types of X chromosomes (called strong and weak) which differ genetically with respect to their inducer efficiency. Reactive third chromosomes were contaminated by these strong or weak X chromosomes and their inducer efficiencies compared. Results show that they are on average stronger when they have been contaminated by strong X chromosomes than when contaminated by weak ones. Such a correlation favours the hypothesis that chromosomal contamination is due to the insertion of some genetic element(s) into reactive chromosomes.

ADHESION OF SEED TREATMENT FUNGICIDES TO SEEDS OF DIFFERENT CROPS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-458
Author(s):  
J. T. MILLS
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Rough Surface ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Seed Surface ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Fine Surface ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The maximum quantities of five seed treatment fungicides that adhered to seed of barley, buckwheat, crambe, flax, rape, sunflower, and wheat were determined and considered in relation to oil and moisture contents of seeds of the crops. Adhesion was related to the gross seed surface area per bushel, to fine surface features of the seed, and to the nature of the treatment material but not to number of seeds per bushel. Most adhesion was to rapeseed, which had a high gross surface area per bushel and a very rough surface. The fungicides, arranged in increasing order of adhesion to seeds, were Panogen Px, Vitaflo DB, Arasan 75, Manzate D, and Benlate T. Manzate D and Benlate T had much greater adhesion and smaller more friable particles than the other fungicides. Panogen Px depends for effectiveness on its volatility, thus less adhesion and larger aggregated particles are not factors limiting its use.

scholarly journals P-element-induced control mutations at the r gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 2567-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tsubota ◽  
M Ashburner ◽  
P Schedl
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
The Other ◽  
P Element ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Regulatory Mutations

The P-M hybrid dysgenesis system was used to produce five putative regulatory mutations at the rudimentary locus, r. All five mutations were the result of insertions at the 5' end of the gene, upstream of the proposed start of transcription. All of the mutants displayed a leaky wing phenotype, and four of the mutants showed an uncoupling of the wing and female-sterility phenotypes, suggesting that they altered the normal spatial and temporal expression of the r gene. Four of the insertions were P elements. The fifth insertion, which was larger than an intact P element, consisted of a small P element connected to non-P-element DNA. Two of the mutants produced very little r transcript in adult females and were clustered 80 to 150 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. The other three mutants had higher levels of r transcript in adult females and were clustered 440 to 500 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. All of the data suggest that the insertions are in a 5' noncoding region of the r gene involved in the control of its spatial and temporal expression.

scholarly journals Sterile mutation in Drosophila melanogaster

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao K. Watanabe ◽  
Won Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Sterility Genes ◽  
Lethal Genes

SUMMARYThe number of loci which are potentially able to produce sterility genes was estimated for Drosophila melanogaster. There appear to be, on the second chromosome, about 80 loci capable of producing male sterility and about 60 loci capable of producing female sterility. These figures seem to be considerably less than (400–500) loci responsible for lethal genes.

scholarly journals Production of Restorer Lines from Segregating Progenies of Brassica napus L. Having Good Agronomic Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-409
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Aminul Islam ◽  
F. M. Era ◽  
N. K. Aminul Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Pollen Sterility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Restorer Line ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Plant Fertility ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Forty four testcross progenies obtained from crossing between five CMS and forty one candidate lines were evaluated both in field and laboratory condition to identify candidate restorer line(s). Nineteen testcross progenies were recorded as fully fertile with 100% plant fertility by counting the number of fertile plants from the total number of plants per lines. On the other hand from pollen fertility test, 11 testcross progenies [206A × 001(6), 9905A × 030(2), 9905A × 027(6) (0.57), 206A × 37(1) (0.68), 9904A × 027(4) (0.83), 248A × 020(6) (1.08), 248A × 018 (1.12), 248A × 022 (1.13), 248A × 017 (1.58), 248A × 038(2) (1.96) and 248A × 001(6) (2.02)] were found with 0-2.02% pollen sterility that could be mentioned as fertile or restorer lines for making hybrids. Agronomic performances were also satisfactory for these selected test cross progenies. The genotype 248A × 017 took the shortest time (30.00) for first flowering as well as ripening followed by 248A × 007(1). The highest number of pods per plant was observed in the testcross progeny 248A × 022 (649.59) and the highest number of seeds per pod (30.33) in 248A × 020(6). For seed weight per plant, 206A × 001(6) was recorded with maximum value (0.08g) while the lowest (23.33) number of seeds per plant was found in this progeny. In case of seed yield per plant, 248A × 022 gave the highest yield (30.30). The seed yield of the progenies 248A × 017 (23.49), 9905A × 027(6) (20.39), 248A × 001(6) (17.26), 9904A × 027(4) (17.02) and 248A × 038(2) (16.53) were also in the highest level.

scholarly journals APPARENT GENETIC COMPLEXITY GENERATED BY DEVELOPMENTAL THRESHOLDS: THE APTEROUS LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-297
Author(s):  
Mary E Stevens ◽  
Peter J Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Anterior Margin ◽  
Wing Disc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Wing Margin ◽  
Previous Conclusion ◽  
Developmental Thresholds ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Complementation Groups

ABSTRACT Mutations at the apterous (ap) locus in Drosophila melanogaster give rise to three distinct phenotypes: aberrant wings, female sterility and precocious adult death. The wing phenotype includes five types of abnormality: blistering, deficiencies, duplications, high-order repetitions and transformation of structures. The mildest phenotype is seen with homozygous apblt animals which have either normal or slightly blistered wings. Most alleles produce, in the homozygote, a deficient wing in which part or all of the wing margin and wing blade is missing, but wing hinge and notum regions are normal. Animals hemizygous for each of 20 ap alleles, as well as apID/apXa heterozygotes, show duplication of parts of the notum associated with complete wing deficiency. Animals heterozygous for apc and the other tested ap alleles show repetitions of parts of the anterior wing margin, an engrailed-like transformation of posterior wing margin into anterior margin or both. Both apblt and apc show similar phenotypes in homozygotes and hemizygotes, yet both produce a less extreme phenotype than that of the other hemizygotes, suggesting that neither mutation causes loss of the entire ap  + function. The 15 alleles that cause precocious death and female sterility occur in six complementation groups based on complementation for these phenotypes. This supports the previous conclusion that the effects of apterous mutations on the wing do not correlate with their effects on viability and fertility. We propose an explanation for the effects of apterous mutations on the wing in which quantitative reductions in the activity of gene product give rise to qualitatively different phenotypes because of different threshold requirements of the ap  + function for critical events in wing disc development.

scholarly journals FERTILITY GENES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. FREQUENCY, ALLELISM AND PERSISTENCE OF STERILITY GENES

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-361
Author(s):  
Chozo Oshima ◽  
Takao K Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Random Combination ◽  
Cage Population ◽  
Male And Female Sterility ◽  
Fertility Genes ◽  
Sterility Genes ◽  
Lethal Genes

ABSTRACT Three or four percent of the wild flies in natural populations of D. melanogaster have been found to be sterile. An analysis of sterility associated with the second chromosome revealed a much lower frequency of genetically sterile flies. The accumulation of sterility genes in a cage population was proportional to that of lethal genes, as were their equilibrium frequencies in several natural populations. Many sterile chromosomes were associated with low viability due to pleiotropic effects. The number of chromosomes leading to sterility in both sexes was larger than the expectation based on random combination of male and female sterility genes. This suggests that there is some linkage disequilibrium between male and female sterility genes, as well as a pleiotropic effect of single sterility genes. Some sterility genes were maintained in natural and cage populations, and the patterns of persistence of the sterility genes were very similar to those of lethal genes.

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