STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: VII. THE EFFECT OF SOME SUBSTANCES, USED IN THE CONTROL OF FARM AND HOUSEHOLD PESTS, ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF SCLEROSTOMES

1939 ◽  
Vol 17d (9) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Weak Solution ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Very Weak Solution ◽  
And Control

The effect on the free-living stages of Sclerostomes caused by the addition to fresh horse faeces of some substances used in the control of household and farm pests, is discussed. Under the conditions of these experiments para- and orthodichlorbenzene will sterilize about 400 times their weight of faeces. Sodium fluoride will sterilize, on an average, approximately 150 times its weight of faeces, but it is almost twice as effective if applied as a very weak solution. Sodium silicofluoride, which also is most effective as a very weak solution, probably has an approximately equal value. Naphthalene, when mixed in the faeces, will sterilize about 270 times its own weight. Dichloropentanes will sterilize about 185 times their weight of faeces. 40% nicotine sulphate will, on an average, sterilize approximately 14 times its weight of faeces, but as a weak solution may be five or six times as effective. Ethylenedichloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride will sterilize about 21, 18 and 12 times their weight of faeces respectively. Trisodium phosphate will sterilize only about eight times its weight of faeces. Tobacco dust will probably sterilize slightly over twice its weight of faeces, but pyrethrum powder, derris powder and white hellebore powder have no lethal value. Ferric oxide and carbon monoxide also are useless.

STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: VI. ON THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF SOME NITROGENOUS CHEMICALS ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF SCLEROSTOMES

1939 ◽  
Vol 17d (3) ◽  
pp. 68-86
Author(s):  
I. W. Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Weak Solution ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cupric Nitrate ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
And Control

The effect of ten chemicals, containing a nitrogen radicle, on the free-living stages of Sclerostomes is discussed. Chloropicrin is the most lethal chemical yet tested; under the conditions of these tests, one part of chloropicrin will sterilize approximately 2,300 times its weight of fresh faeces, but its disadvantages weigh against its practicability for farm use. Aniline will sterilize about 525 times its weight of fresh faeces when undiluted and 800 or 900 times its weight as a very weak solution. Calcium cyanide, whose value is also limited by its danger, will sterilize 530 times its weight of fresh faeces. Pyridine is slightly more effective when applied undiluted or as a strong or medium strength solution; it will then sterilize about 400 times its weight of fresh faeces. Ammonium carbonate will sterilize approximately 50 times its weight of fresh faeces. Ammonium chloride, cupric nitrate, and ammonium nitrate will sterilize approximately 30, 25, and 21 times their own weight of fresh faeces respectively. They are, however, more effective if applied as medium strength solutions, and cupric nitrate in lesser amounts causes the death of many larvae after they have reached the third stage, although the chemical was added to the fresh faeces. Ammonium sulphide, as a 15% solution, will sterilize nearly 14 times its weight of fresh faeces. Saponin probably has no lethal value against Sclerostomes chemically, although physically it may affect them.

Intermolecular C–H Amidation of Alkenes with Carbon Monoxide and Azides via Tandem Palladium Catalysis

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng-Yang Gu ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Feng Jin ◽  
Bao Xiaoguang ◽  
Ji-Bao Xia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Palladium Catalysis ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Organic Azides ◽  
Reaction Proceeds ◽  
Palladium Catalyzed ◽  
Directing Group ◽  
And Control

An atom- and step-economic intermolecular multi-component palladium-catalyzed C–H amidation of alkenes with carbon monoxide and organic azides has been developed for the synthesis of alkenyl amides. The reaction proceeds efficiently without an ortho-directing group on the alkene substrates. Nontoxic dinitrogen is generated as the sole by-product. Computational studies and control experiments have revealed that the reaction takes place via an unexpected mechanism by tandem palladium catalysis.

Reductive Activation of Carbon Tetrachloride by Human Haemoglobin

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Roberta Ferrara ◽  
Michela Rezzadore ◽  
Stefano Cazzaro ◽  
Roberto Tolando ◽  
Maurizio Manno
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Anaerobic Incubation ◽  
Reductive Activation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Prosthetic Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Human Haemoglobin ◽  
Reductive Metabolism

The reductive metabolism of carbon tetrachloride (CC14) by human haemoglobin (Hb) was observed in vitro by absolute absorption spectra recorded under anaerobic conditions. The following results were obtained: 1) a decrease of the 430nm peak typical of free reduced Hb (Hb2+); 2) the formation of a shoulder of absorbance, attributable to the production of a complex between Hb2+ and a metabolite of CC14 carbon monoxide (Hb-CO); and 3) the oxidation of some Hb2+ to methaemoglobin (Hb3+). The concentration of these three forms — Hb2+, Hb-CO and Hb3+ — during anaerobic incubation of Hb with CC14 was calculated algebraically from the absolute spectra. CO production was then calculated from the concentration of Hb-CO, using a suitable calibration curve. Interestingly, under identical experimental conditions, a substrate-dependent loss of Hb-derived haem, but not of Hb itself nor of haem-derived porphyrin fluorescence, was measured. Preliminary HPLC studies to clarify the discrepancy and, in particular, the role and fate of the haem group, showed two substrate-dependent modified haem products. The results indicate that human Hb is able to catalyse the reductive activation of CCl4, and suggest that, during the process, its prosthetic group haem may be modified by CC14 metabolites to products which maintain a tetrapyrrolic structure but are unable to react with pyridine.

Effectiveness of Trisodium Phosphate, Acidified Sodium Chlorite, Citric Acid, and Peroxyacids against Pathogenic Bacteria on Poultry during Refrigerated Storage

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 2063-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENA del RÍO ◽  
REBECA MURIENTE ◽  
MIGUEL PRIETO ◽  
CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA ◽  
ROSA CAPITA
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbial Group ◽  
And Control

The effects of dipping treatments (15 min) in potable water or in solutions (wt/vol) of 12% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 1,200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), 2% citric acid (CA), and 220 ppm peroxyacids (PA) on inoculated pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica) and skin pH were investigated throughout storage of chicken legs (days 0, 1, 3, and 5) at 3 ± 1°C. All chemical solutions reduced microbial populations (P < 0.001) as compared with the control (untreated) samples. Similar bacterial loads (P > 0.05) were observed on water-dipped and control legs. Type of treatment, microbial group, and sampling day influenced microbial counts (P < 0.001). Average reductions with regard to control samples were 0.28 to 2.41 log CFU/g with TSP, 0.33 to 3.15 log CFU/g with ASC, 0.82 to 1.97 log CFU/g with CA, and 0.07 to 0.96 log CFU/g with PA. Average reductions were lower (P < 0.001) for gram-positive (0.96 log CFU/g) than for gram-negative (1.33 log CFU/g) bacteria. CA and ASC were the most effective antimicrobial compounds against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. TSP was the second most effective compound for both bacterial groups. Average microbial reductions per gram of skin were 0.87 log CFU/g with TSP, 0.86 log CFU/g with ASC, 1.39 log CFU/g with CA, and 0.74 log CFU/g with PA for gram-positive bacteria, and 1.28 log CFU/g with TSP, 2.03 log CFU/g with ASC, 1.23 log CFU/g with CA, and 0.78 log CFU/g with PA for gram-negative bacteria. With only a few exceptions, microbial reductions in TSP- and ASC-treated samples decreased and those in samples treated with CA increased throughout storage. Samples treated with TSP and samples dipped in CA and ASC had the highest and lowest pH values, respectively, after treatment. The pH of the treated legs tended to return to normal (6.3 to 6.6) during storage. However, at the end of storage, the pH of legs treated with TSP remained higher and that of legs treated with CA remained lower than normal.

scholarly journals Resources of cryodestruction in the treatment of hepatocirrhosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
B. I. Alperovich ◽  
A. V. Orlov ◽  
Yu. V. Kiselyova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Hepatic Parenchyma ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
And Control ◽  
White Mongrel

The aim of investigation was to evaluate the liver cryodestruction effect on the course of chronic hepatitis and hepatocirrhosis. Experimental part of the investigation has been fulfilled on 220 white mongrel rats with toxic hepatocirrhosis caused by carbon tetrachloride. Evaluation of hepatic parenchyma state has been done by the following criteria: factor of parenchyma normalization and factor of sclerotization. The comparison of these factors in the basic and control groups has revealed an evident positive dynamics in normalization of histological hepatic structure.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fluoride Concentration in Toothpastes in the United Arab Emirates: Closing the Gap between Local Regulation and Practice

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun ◽  
Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari ◽  
Moyad Shahwan ◽  
Obaida Jairoun ◽  
Sa’ed H. Zyoud
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

Background: While there is much scientific evidence supporting the benefits of fluoride for oral health, the concentration of fluoride in over-the-counter fluoride toothpaste should meet United Arab Emirates (UAE) regulations of a fluoride concentration not exceeding 0.15%. Objectives: The current study examines the fluoridated toothpaste products available on the UAE market and aims to quantify their total fluoride content. Methods: A total of 50 toothpaste products were collected and analyzed in this study. Ion Chromatography (IC) conductivity analysis was performed to determine the total fluoride content. Results: Among the 50 products tested, 10 exceeded the recommended concentration of total fluoride of less than 0.15%, while 12 had a total fluoride concentration that was less than was declared on their labels. Moreover, this study has revealed that 22 of the sampled products had a total fluoride concentration below 1000 ppm fluoride. An increased risk of higher total fluoride content was observed in the toothpaste products with monofluorophosphate active ingredients than in products with potassium nitrate/sodium fluoride and sodium fluoride (p = 0.011). Conclusions: There is a need to reassess the effectiveness of current regulations in the UAE to ensure that all fluoridated toothpastes available on the market are safe and effective for the consumer. Specifically, appropriate guidelines should be established on the basis of the risks and benefits inherent in fluoride exposure. Moreover, fluoridated toothpastes need to be subject to stricter monitoring and control regarding their safety and quality through good manufacturing practices (GMPs), education, research, and adverse event reporting.

ON THE ROBIN PROBLEM FOR STOKES AND NAVIER–STOKES SYSTEMS

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. 701-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
REMIGIO RUSSO ◽  
ALFONSINA TARTAGLIONE
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Weak Solution ◽  
Lipschitz Domain ◽  
Stokes System ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Robin Problem ◽  
Layer Potentials ◽  
Very Weak Solution ◽  
Stokes Systems ◽  
Compact Boundary

The Robin problem for Stokes and Navier–Stokes systems is considered in a Lipschitz domain with a compact boundary. By making use of the boundary layer potentials approach, it is proved that for Stokes system this problem admits a very weak solution under suitable assumptions on the boundary datum. A similar result is proved for the Navier–Stokes system, provided that the datum is "sufficiently small".

Reductive formation of carbon monoxide from carbon tetrachloride and FREONS 11, 12, and 13 catalyzed by corrinoids

Biochemistry ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2713-2719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute E. Krone ◽  
Rudolf K. Thauer ◽  
Harry P. C. Hogenkamp ◽  
Klaus Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride
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