MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPALACHIAN PODSOL SOILS: II. SEASONAL CHANGES IN MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (6) ◽  
pp. 358-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. H. Gray ◽  
H. J. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Different Levels

Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of micro-organisms in soil, estimated by the plate method for bacteria and actinomyces and by the evolution of carbon dioxide, have been studied with samples of cultivated podsol soils, drawn from experimental fields under various treatments at three farms in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, at intervals of six weeks during the cropping season in two years. The nature of the fluctuations in numbers of micro-organisms was similar in the three soils, which were situated many miles apart. In 1931 numbers were lower in summer than in spring and autumn; in 1932 numbers fell towards the end of the season. The evolution of carbon dioxide fluctuated to a comparatively less extent than the bacterial numbers, but there was general agreement in the direction of the changes in the two years. Biological activities in any one soil were at significantly different levels in the two years. There was an agreement between numbers of micro-organisms and the amount of carbon dioxide, in that changes in both of these factors were in the same direction in the second year of sampling; there was also evidence of agreement between intra-annual changes in numbers and carbon dioxide, especially in the alkali-treated plots. Fluctuations in numbers and carbon dioxide in samples from plots in different parts of the same field or farm were in conformity, and were superimposed on the effects of chemical treatments that caused significant increases in microbial activity.

MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPALACHIAN UPLAND PODSOL SOILS: I. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. H. Gray ◽  
H. J. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Field Plots

A study has been made of the effects of fertilizers and limestone, of fallowing, and of deep ploughing, upon certain aspects of microbial activity in representative Appalachian podsol soils at three farms in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec Province. The results show that the evolution of carbon dioxide and numbers of bacteria and actinomyces were not altered by any simple fertilizer applied annually for two years. Limestone, at the rate of six tons per acre, increased the numbers of micro-organisms during the two years of the experiment. Deep ploughing reduced both carbon dioxide and bacterial numbers in soils ordinarily ploughed to a normal depth.Studies have also been made to determine the effects of some other chemical treatments upon the soil microflora. Carbon dioxide, bacterial numbers and nitrification of soil nitrogen were increased in field plots after treatment with calcium oxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, alone or in combination; the effects lasted through two seasons.

A MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PODSOL SOIL PROFILES: II. LAURENTIAN SOILS

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. H. Gray ◽  
C. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Microbiological Study ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

Microbiological studies of samples from the separate horizons of two soils from the Laurentian uplands showed that, as in the case of the soils previously studied from the Appalachian uplands, biological activity was dependent upon the organic-matter relations of the horizons. A1 (organic-matter) horizons were the most active, as shown by the evolution of carbon dioxide, nitrification of the soil's own nitrogen, by numbers of micro-organisms (bacteria, actinomyces, and fungi) and by the production of ammonia from urea. Bacterial numbers in the illuvial horizons were, however, higher than in the eluvial (leached) horizons above, a condition that did not obtain with the Appalachian soils. The organic matter of a soil bearing a coniferous (spruce) flora was deficient in nitrifying power. The biological activity at different levels of a virgin clay soil was found to be in sharp contrast with that of the podsol soils.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL NUMBERS AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN A FIELD SOIL

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. H. Gray ◽  
R. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Plate Method

Bacterial numbers, estimated by the plate method, and carbon dioxide were significantly correlated (r = 0.50–0.69) in field soil during 1955, in an experiment designed to test the effects of straw and crop residues on soil conditions. Differences in moisture, temperature, and soil treatment did not interfere with the correlation.

scholarly journals UK neonatal resuscitation survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. F324-F325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elinor Charles ◽  
Katie Hunt ◽  
Vadivelam Murthy ◽  
Christopher Harris ◽  
Anne Greenough
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Initial Resuscitation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Monitoring ◽  
Different Levels

BackgroundPrevious surveys have demonstrated that neonatal resuscitation practices on the delivery suite vary between UK units, particularly according to the hospital’s neonatal unit’s level. Our aim was to determine if recent changes to the Resuscitation Council guidelines had influenced clinical practice.MethodsSurveys of resuscitation practices at UK delivery units carried out in 2012 and 2017 were compared.ResultsComparing 2017 with 2012, initial resuscitation using air was more commonly used in both term (98% vs 75%, p<0.001) and preterm (84% vs 34%, p<0.001) born infants. Exhaled carbon dioxide monitoring was more frequently employed in 2017 (84% vs 19%, p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in practices according to the level of neonatal care provided by the hospital.ConclusionThere have been significant changes in neonatal resuscitation practices in the delivery suite since 2012 regardless of the different levels of neonatal care offered.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and Biological Studies of Shilajit (Asphaltum)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Shahid Aziz ◽  
Sidra Khaliq ◽  
Habib Ur-Rehman ◽  
Kh. Shakeel Ghani ◽  
Muhammad Irshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Dead Plant ◽  
Micro Organisms

<p>Shilajit (asphaltum)  is produced  by the long term humification  of dead plant material  and organic vegetable matter  by different micro-organisms and has great potential for the treatment of a variety of human conditions.  This treatise reviews its origin, sources, chemical composition, biological  and  commercial importance. Phytochemical analysis was done by standard methods to evaluate  different Shilajit (asphaltum) classes of compounds in different samples of shilajit  which are responsible for their  biological activity.  Shilajit`s anti-microbial activity has been evaluated  against four different bacterial strains viz., <em>Escherichia coli, Psuedomonas aeuroginosa</em>, <em>Klebisella pneumonia</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus. </em>Phytochemical analysis illustrated  that shilajit contains  terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and reducing sugars. Surprisingly,  some classes of compounds are absent in shilajit  viz., alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. . Shilajit showed no response towards halophytic bacteria and  negligible activity was shown towards other strains of bacteria. Since   anti-microbial activity is based on environmental factors  its activity varied  between locations.</p>

scholarly journals Steam treatment of contaminated groundwater aquifers – development of pathogenic micro-organisms in soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Carsten Suhr Jacobsen ◽  
Susanne Elmholt ◽  
Carsten Bagge Jensen ◽  
Pia Bach Jakobsen ◽  
Mikkel Bender
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Vacuum Suction ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Micro Organisms

Steam treatment of contaminated soil and aquifer sediment is a promising method of cleaning soil. The treatment is based on steam injection into a water saturated porous aquifer (Gudbjerg et al. 2004), by which the heat transfers the contaminants into the vapour phase, allowing entrapment in an active carbon filter connected to a large vacuum suction device. The treatment is effective against several important groundwater contaminants, including pentachlorophenole and perchloroethylene, typically found in association with industrial processes or dry cleaning facilities. Furthermore, as an example of removal of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) large amounts of creosote have been recovered after steam injection in a deep aquifer (Kuhlmann 2002; Tse & Lo 2002). Steam treatment is dependent on the complete heating of the soil volume under treatment. The steam has a strongly adverse impact on trees and other plants with deep root systems within the soil, but no other visible effects have been reported. The aim of the activities undertaken during collaborative projects carried out by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DJF) for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the local authorities in Copenhagen (Københavns Amt) was to establish to what extent the microbial community was affected by the steam treatment of the soil. A few results from the literature indicate that the microbial activity increases in steam treated soil (Richardson et al. 2002), probably due to microbial degradation of the soil contaminants in combination with microbial utilisation of heatkilled organisms. It is, however, not known whether this increased microbial activity is associated with the development of pathogenic micro-organisms; these are typically able to grow at higher temperatures than the general microbial community in soil.

Remarkable Activity of Nanoarchitectonics Mesoporous CuO/CeO2–TiO2 Prepared by Nanocasting and Deposition Precipitation Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 2791-2802
Author(s):  
Duangamol Ongmali ◽  
Sakollapath Pithakratanayothin ◽  
Sureerat Jampa ◽  
Apanee Luengnaruemitrchai ◽  
Thanyalak Chaisuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Co Oxidation ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Oxygen Vacancies ◽  
Redox Properties ◽  
Oxygen Defect ◽  
Nitrate Salt ◽  
Hard Template ◽  
Different Levels

In this work, a ceria (CeO2) support was modified with titania (TiO2) by nanocasting using MCM-48 as a hard template and then loading Cu (as the nitrate salt) at different levels (3–9% by weight) by deposition-precipitation followed by calcination. The addition of TiO2 in MSP CeO2 revealed that the MSP CeO2 was significantly improved the oxygen vacancies of the catalyst by increasing the Ce3+ content from 38 to 75% and stabilizing the Ce3+ species by bonding with the oxygen as Ce(4f)-O(2p)-Ti(3d). Moreover, the bonding of MSP CeO2 with TiO2 generated the oxygen defect vacancies (s–Ti3+), allowing Cu2+ to occupy and be reduced to Cu+ during calcination. The smaller CeO2 crystallite size (2.7 nm) of 9Cu/CeO2–TiO2 increased the mass-specific CO-Oxidation, showing the best catalytic activity due to its highest redox properties, as determined by H2-TPR and also showing resistant property to water and carbon dioxide. Indeed, water was adsorbed on the Ce3+ sites, generating OHads which reacted with CO to form –COOH, resulting in CO2.

scholarly journals Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Halogenated Monoterpenes from the Red Alga Plocamium cartilagineum

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1313-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donqhui Gao ◽  
Roy Okuda ◽  
Viorica Lopez-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Halogenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽  
Plocamium Cartilagineum

Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the marine red alga Plocamium cartilagineum, which is known to contain complex mixtures of halogenated monoterpenes, was investigated. P. cartilagineum samples were extracted by SFE with carbon dioxide and modified carbon dioxide containing up to 10% methanol at different pressure and temperature conditions to establish the optimum conditions for extraction. These conditions were then used in the extraction of halogenated monoterpenes from 2 different samples of P. cartilagineum: one from Davenport, CA, and the other from Casa Beach (San Diego, CA). Several halogenated monoterpenes isolated by conventional solvent extraction with methanol and purified by column chromatography were used as the reference compounds for the determination of the extraction efficiency in the SFE experients. Plocamium cartilagineum belongs to the red alga family—Plocamiaceae, and has been found to contain a large number of halogenated monoterpenes, whose structures typically contain 1–6 bromine and/or chlorine atoms. P. cartilagineum grows along the Pacific coast from Washington to Chile, the British Isles, Australia, and Spain. Interestingly, P. cartilagineum collected from different geographical areas in the world are all reported to produce halogenated monoterpenes, but of different structural types and halogen substitution patterns. Most of these halogenated monoterpenes have been found to exhibit varied biological activities, including antifungal, antimicrobial, and molluscicidal activity.

A study of the fauna of poultry deep litter

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Byng
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
World War ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Micro Organisms

The ‘built-up or deep’ litter system for housing poultry came into use in America during World War II, when labour and materials were restricted. It consists of recently used Utter, at least 6 in. in depth, containing micro-organisms which produce beneficial heating, synthesizing and sanitizing effects (Halbrook, Winter & Sutton, 1951; Kennard & Chamberlain, 1951). Four requirements have been laid down by Bott, Ferguson, Berkland & Winter (1952) for proper functioning of deep litter; they are:(1) The depth of the litter must be greater than 6 in. to ensure the absorption of fresh dropping and for effective chemical and biological activities.

A MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PODSOL SOIL PROFILES

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. H. Gray ◽  
N. B. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Microbiological Study ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

Microbiological studies of samples from the separate horizons and from different depths of soils of the Appalachian upland podsol group show that the activity of the micro-organisms is dependent upon the organic-matter relations in the horizons. The organic-matter horizon is biologically the most active, as shown by analyses for carbon dioxide, nitrate nitrogen, numbers of bacteria, and production of ammonia from urea. Evidence is submitted that the reduced activity of the leached layer and the horizons of accumulation is not due to toxic compounds produced by leaching of the organic matter.

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