CORRELATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL NUMBERS AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN A FIELD SOIL

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. H. Gray ◽  
R. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Plate Method

Bacterial numbers, estimated by the plate method, and carbon dioxide were significantly correlated (r = 0.50–0.69) in field soil during 1955, in an experiment designed to test the effects of straw and crop residues on soil conditions. Differences in moisture, temperature, and soil treatment did not interfere with the correlation.

Modelling carbon sink of urban street trees and soil in Helsinki, Finland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minttu Havu ◽  
Liisa Kulmala ◽  
Anu Riikonen ◽  
Leena Järvi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Flow Measurements

<p>A <span>high proportion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions </span><span>originate from</span><span> urban areas, which has led cities to become interested in reducing their own emissions and </span><span>determining</span><span> how much carbon could be sequestered by their own vegetation and soil. </span><span>The challenge with the latter is that our current knowledge on carbon storage is based on data and models from natural and forest ecosystems, whereas</span><span> the response of vegetation and soil to environmental factors most probably is altered in urban green space where the soil conditions, water availability </span><span>and</span><span> temperature are highly variable.</span> <span>T</span><span>herefore</span><span>, </span><span>ecosystem models </span><span>are required to </span><span>correctly account for urban vegetation</span> <span>and soil </span><span>to understand </span><span>and quantify</span><span> the biogenic carbon cycle in urban areas. </span></p><p><span>I</span><span>n this study, urban land surface model SUEWS </span><span>(</span><span>the </span><span>Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme</span><span>)</span> <span>and </span><span>t</span><span>he soil carbon decomposition model Yasso</span><span>15</span> <span>are used to simulate urban carbon cycle on two street</span><span>s</span> <span>in Helsinki, Finland for years 2003-2016. </span><span>Curbside trees (<em>Alnus glutinosa </em>and<em> Tilia </em></span><em><span>x Vulgaris</span></em><span>) were planted while the two test streets were constructed in 2002. Thereafter</span><span>, carbon and water fluxes </span><span>and </span><span>pools</span> <span>with detailed street tree soil composition</span><span>s</span> <span>were</span><span> monitored in</span><span> 2002-2014. </span><span>SUEWS creates a local spatially variable temperature and specific humidity environment which is used in the model runs. </span><span>The modelled evaporation i</span><span>s</span><span> evaluated against sap flow measurements and modelled soil moisture against soil moisture observations. </span><span>The </span><span>Yasso</span><span>15</span><span> model i</span><span>s</span><span> evaluated against loss-on-ignition based soil carbon measurements </span><span>as </span><span>it has not been </span><span>previously </span><span>evaluated </span><span>in urban soils. </span><span>T</span><span>he </span><span>modelled</span><span> carbon dioxide flux combined with the </span><span>changes in the</span><span> soil carbon stock is used t</span><span>o estimate the carbon cycle of ur</span><span>ban street </span><span>trees and soils.</span></p>

A FOUR-YEAR QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN SOILS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER TREATMENT

1936 ◽  
Vol 14c (4) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Lochhead ◽  
R. H. Thexton
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Rhizobium Trifolii ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Seasonal Influence ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Minimum Numbers

Numbers of Rhizobium trifolii, Rh. leguminosarum, Rh. meliloti and Azotobacter were determined at four-week intervals throughout a four-year crop rotation in three soils which had been receiving for twenty years no fertilizer, manure, and artificial fertilizer respectively. Though relatively small differences were noted in numbers of Rh. trifolii in the three soils, Rh. leguminosarum and Rh. meliloti persisted in much higher numbers in the two fertilized areas than in the unfertilized soil. Rh. trifolii, the only species with host plant in the rotation, occurred in much greater numbers than the other species, not only during and immediately following clover, but in succeeding years when little or no decline was noted. Apart from the effect of clover on Rh. trifolii no significant effect of cropping was noted nor was seasonal influence important. Freezing of the soil for three months each year produced little or no effect on the numbers of Rhizobia.Numbers of Azotobacter were consistently higher in the unfertilized soil than in the fertilized areas. A seasonal effect was noted, with maximum numbers in March and minimum numbers in July, while freezing caused no noticeable diminution in colony count. The numbers of Azotobacter found were in all cases low and suggest that the part played by this organism in nitrogen fixation in field soil is still obscure.Rh. trifolii, Azotobacter and total numbers of bacteria by the plate method showed no relation with the productivity of the soils. Numbers of Rh. leguminosarum and Rh. meliloti showed better agreement, though only in the case of Rh. meliloti were relative numbers consistent with the soils in order of crop yields throughout the rotation.

scholarly journals Crop Residues Distribution After Tillage Operations Under Controlled And Random Traffic Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
Miroslav Macák ◽  
Jana Galambošová ◽  
Vladimír Rataj ◽  
Martin Ingeli ◽  
Božena Vitázková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tillage Operation ◽  
Tillage Operations

Abstract Controlled traffic farming is a technology used to avoid soil compaction introduced by field machinery load and traffic. The benefits in improved soil conditions and yield increase were shown in Australia, the US and some parts of Europe. The use of permanent tramlines for every field operation was considered as a barrier to implementation in some parts of Europe. This was mainly due to fear from tillage quality in terms of crop residues distribution. The paper reports the results of the two-year assessment of the technology compared to traditional random traffic treatments in field scale experiments. The spring barley and oilseed rape crops were grown. Measurements were taken after the stubble breaking tillage operation with the Lemken disc harrows. Image analysis was used to calculate the distribution of crop residues. Results showed that the use of permanent tramlines has no negative influence on crop residues distribution.

scholarly journals Ecological assessment of the impact of agricultural activity on the emission of carbon dioxide from the leached chernozem of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve

2021 ◽  
Vol 213 (10) ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
Marina Kastornova ◽  
Evgeniy Demin ◽  
Dmitriy Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Virgin Land ◽  
Leached Chernozem ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Release ◽  
Pure Steam ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The purpose of this work is to study carbon dioxide emissions from the surface of virgin and arable chernozem during the growing season of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve. Methods. The study was conducted on virgin land, in pure steam, under grain crops and corn from May to October. The intensity of carbon dioxide release was determined by the method of Shtatnov with titration in the field. Results. Based on previous studies, based on scientifically based approaches, as well as our own experimental data, the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and hydrothermal conditions of the humus layer (0–30 cm) was investigated, and the degree of influence of the type of land and crops on the release of CO2 from the surface of leached chernozem was determined. It has been established that the chernozems of Western Siberia are characterized by very low biological activity in the spring and autumn periods. CO2 emissions in May averaged 1.0–1.6 kg/ha per hour with a coefficient of variation of 8 %. The peak release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere occurs in June-July (2.6–6.5 kg/ha per hour). It was revealed that under grain crops the gaseous losses of C–CO2 in the summer period amount to 4.1–6.5 kg/ha per hour, and in the area of pure steam – 2.3–3.4 kg/ha. The determining role in the intensity of carbon dioxide release is played by the soil temperature (r = 0.7). During the years of research, there were no dry periods, which did not allow us to establish a reliable effect of soil moisture on CO2 emissions, the correlation coefficient was 0.2 units. Based on the results obtained, a low degree (12.8 %) of the influence of the type of land (virgin land/arable land) and crops (cereals/corn) on the intensity of carbon dioxide release into the atmosphere from the surface of chernozem was revealed. The maximum degree of influence was in hydrothermal soil conditions (65 %), on which the activity of the soil microbiota and the root system of plants depended. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the intensity of carbon dioxide release from the surface of leached chernozem was studied for the Tobol-Ishim interfluve and the degree of influence of the anthropogenic factor against the background of the hydrothermal regime of soil was established.

scholarly journals Impacts of Tillage Technologies on Soil, Plant, Environment and Its Management: A Short Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Aqarab Husnain Gondal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Water Holding

Tillage is the physical manipulation of soil to improve physical soil conditions. In Pakistan, various tillage technologies such as primary and secondary tillage affect plant growth, incorporate organic matter residues into the soil, eradicate weeds, and prepare the bed for seed germination preventing soil erosion and preparing the ground for irrigation. Furthermore, tillage practices change soil water holding capacity, temperature, aeration, and the mixing of crop residues within the soil matrix. Today's real agricultural problems are resource depletion with declining production, decreased human resources, and rising prices and societal shifts due to different anthropogenic activities (tillage). These changes in the physical environment and the food supply of the organisms affect different groups of organisms in different ways. In addition, they are also affecting the environment health. Therefore, its management, including conservation tillage and other includes cover crop, organic residues, and direct sowing of rice seedling is necessary to mitigate the problems. The present review discusses the tillage systems effects on soil, plants, environment and their possible solutions.

scholarly journals Artificial Soil Environment Justification for Laboratory Studies of Wear and Traction Characteristics of Soil-Cutting Working Bodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
I. V. Liskin ◽  
A. V. Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Artificial Soil ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Working Bodies

The authors presented the results of laboratory studies of artificial soil based on sand-paraffin mixtures, reflecting the physical and mechanical soil properties with the presence of plant residues. They conducted tests to determine the soil-cutting working bodies’ traction resistance during tillage with the presence of root and crop residues.(Research purpose) To substantiate the parameters of an artificial soil environment containing models of root and crop residues for laboratory studies of the wear and traction characteristics of soil-cutting working bodies operated on post-harvest, virgin and fallow farmland.(Materials and methods) An artificial soil environment was developed by introducing filamentous components 5-25 millimeters long into its composition.(Results and discussion) The authors determined the criteria of geometric similarity “model – nature” for the soil conditions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. It was found that the equality of the criteria “model – nature” for laboratory research of fallow lands occurred when the length of the  filamentous components was from 20 mm and the concentration was from 20 segments per unit cross-sectional area when passing 0.1 meter in artificial soil. It was revealed that for modeling old arable lands, the length of the filamentous components should exceed 5 millimeters, the concentration should be from 10 segments per 0.1 meter of the length of passage in artificial soil. The authors conducted field tests of arable units on fallow and old arable lands.(Conclusions) The authors found out that the equality of the geometric criteria for the similarity of the artificial soil environment and real soil conditions allowed laboratory studies of the wear and traction characteristics of the tillage working bodies’ blades. It was determined that more than 30 percent of energy costs were accounted for by breaking the root system of the vegetation cover on virgin and fallow lands.

scholarly journals Modeling paddy field soil conditions in East Java, Indonesia

Soil Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100025
Author(s):  
Setyono H. Adi ◽  
Sabine Grunwald ◽  
Chendy Tafakresnanto ◽  
Hendri Sosiawan
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Paddy Field Soil

scholarly journals Impact of Open Crop Residue Burning and Alternate Options for Mitigation: A Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta ◽  
Anshuman Kohli ◽  
S. Roy Choudhury ◽  
S. K. Dutta ◽  
S. K. Pathak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Gangetic Plains

Burning of crop residues in field include unavailability of labour, high cost in residue removing process and use of combined in rice-wheat cropping system especially in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). Primary crop types whose residues are typically burned include rice, wheat, maize, millet, sugarcane, jute, rapeseed-mustard and groundnut. Farmers in northwest India dispose a large part of rice straw by burning in situ. The ‘rice-wheat cropping system’ is the dominant cropping system in South Asia [1]. This system involves growing rice and wheat in rotation throughout the year where rice and wheat is either grown in the same plot in the same year or in different plots in the same year or in the same plot in different years. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh have the largest areas under this system among the Indian states. Approximately 500-550 Mt of crop residues are produced per year in the country. With a production of 93.9 million tons (Mt) of wheat, 104.6 Mt of rice, 21.6 Mt of maize, 20.7 Mt of millets, 357.7 Mt of sugarcane, 8.1 Mt of fibre crops (jute, mesta, cotton), 17.2 Mt of pulses and 30.0 Mt of oilseeds crops, in the year 2011-12. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide causing global warming, loss of plant nutrients such as N, P, K and S, adverse impacts on soil properties and  wastage of valuable C and energy rich residues. Black carbon emissions are the second largest contributors to current global warming, after carbon dioxide emissions [2]. Using IPCC emission coefficients, the CH4 released from this source was found to be about 167 Gg [3]. Agricultural crop residues are burnt during the months of October and November every year in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) in huge quantities which has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions and aerosol loading [4]. In the IGP region of India, 12 million hectares is accounted for rice-wheat crop rotation and harvesting of these crops with combine harvesters is very popular with the farmers of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh [4]. Crop residue management is one of the best options for maintaining the ecological sustainability of farms. There are several options which can be practiced such as composting, generation of energy, production of biofuel, mulching, baling, biochar production and recycling in soil to manage the residues in a productive manner. Conservation agriculture (CA) offers a good promise in using these residues for improving soil health, increasing productivity, reducing pollution and enhancing sustainability and resilience of agriculture.

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