AN X-RAY METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF "BOUND WATER" IN HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS AT LOW TEMPERATURES

1935 ◽  
Vol 13b (4) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Barnes ◽  
W. F. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
New Method ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Gelatin Gels ◽  
Ray Methods

A new method for the study of hydrophilic colloids by the application of X-ray methods of analysis to the frozen gels is described. The possibilities of the method and its limitations are shown by a qualitative study of the amount, and variation with temperature, of the so-called "bound" water in gelatin gels over the temperature range − 3° to − 50 °C.

New Principles of the Substructure Development in Metal Materials under Plastic Deformation, Revealed by Advanced X-Ray Methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 443-444 ◽  
pp. 259-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Perlovich ◽  
Margarita Isaenkova
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Residual Deformation ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Rolled Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Metal Materials ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ray Methods

The substructure inhomogeneity of real textured metal materials was studied by use of the X-ray method of Generalized Pole Figures and the computer data treatment. Main regularities of substructure inhomogeneity were revealed for the first time. Substructure conditions of grains in rolled material form an extremely wide spectrum and vary by passing from texture maxima to texture minima, where residual deformation effects are most significant. The distribution of residual elastic microstrains in the orientational space of rolled material shows the distinct system.

The boundaries of the X-ray method in lung pathology

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 896-898
Author(s):  
М. Chinay ◽  
R. Benda ◽  
H. Moilard
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray

Any new method for the time being is usually subjected to skepticism by some, while others are accepted with enthusiasm, no less unfounded.

A Comparison of Ultrasonic and X-ray Methods for Imaging the Growth Plate

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
S-M Han ◽  
S-H Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Plate ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ultrasound Attenuation ◽  
Ultrasonic Images ◽  
Ray Methods

The purpose of this study was to assess a systematic and scientific method for measuring children's growth development, in which the accuracy of the existing diagnostic method has not yet been concretely examined. The most popular method for diagnosis of children's growth is to analyse the opening degree of the growth plate in each joint by an X-ray image. However, the X-ray method has some disadvantages; it is impossible to measure the diagnosis of growth periodically and repeatedly due to the radiation problem. Hence, this study introduced a profile analysis and the algorithm of analysing the image of the growth plate using the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of calcaneus, to verify the possibility of using an alternative ultrasonic method harmless to the human body. The images of the growth plate in the proximal tibiae, phalanges, and calcanei of 269 children (7–16 years old) were obtained using X-ray. The image of the growth plate in the calcanei was also obtained from these children using ultrasound. The results showed that the time of the opening degree of the growth plate in each joint was almost consistent between X-ray and ultrasonic images. Also, the images of the growth plate measured using X-ray and ultrasound showed a high correlation. Therefore, it is expected that the algorithm of ultrasonic profile analysis introduced in this study can replace the existing X-ray method to measure the growth plate correctly.

scholarly journals Pressure and the water relations of proteins I—isoelectric gelatin gels

1934 ◽  
Vol 147 (861) ◽  
pp. 382-395 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Protein Molecule ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gelatin Gels ◽  
Water Of Hydration

Recent work on the structure of fibre proteins, as deduced form X-ray analysis, suggests that the bound water of hydration of proteins cannot be regarded as being simply a complete shell of water around the protein molecule or micelle. It seems much more probable that the water is localized around definite points and in a recent paper one of us has suggested two possible mechanisms of hydration. Katz, Svedberg, Rosenbaum§ and other have followed the thermal, vapour pressure and volume changes when a dried protein takes up water. Their work also suggests that the linkages or orientating forces holding water to the protein are not uniform in strength. More recent work on the freezing of gelatin gels which is discussed later in this paper has confirmed this and given figures for the amounts of water held by the gelatin at different activities of the water.

Investigation of Structure Development in Mod Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 Films by an Optical Method

1991 ◽  
Vol 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien H. Peng ◽  
Seshu B. Desu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Optical Method ◽  
Transformation Kinetics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Structure Development ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pzt Films ◽  
Metalorganic Decomposition ◽  
Ray Methods

AbstractFor i roving the metalorganic decomposition (MOD) process, such that perovskite Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 thin films can be fabricated at low temperatures, understanding of structure development is required. Here we report a nondestructive optical method for investigating the structure development in MOD PZT films. Using this method we have identified the temperatures at which the formation of both pyrochlore and perovskite was completed as a function of Zr/Ti ratio. Also for PZT solid solutions, we have identified the temperatures at which the initial presence of both pyrochlore and perovskite was observed. These temperatures compare very well with those obtained from the X-ray diffraction studies. In contrast to X-ray methods, the proposed technique can also be effectively utilized for studying the pyrochlore formation from the amorphous phase. Furthermore, it was also shown that the optical method can be used for characterizing the phase transformation kinetics in PZT films.

Thermal expansion of some salts of graphite

1964 ◽  
Vol 279 (1378) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
High Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Axis Direction ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Ray Methods

X-ray methods have been applied to measure c axis thermal expansion of nitrates, perchlorates, and bisulphates of graphite. Three different intercalation sequences were prepared from each of these acids, stress-annealed graphite being used as starting material. Positions of high angle 00 l diffraction peaks were recorded over the temperature range + 25 to — 60 °C, by means of a proportional counter diffractometer. Thermal expansions of all these salts in the c axis direction, are up to three times as large as in the parent graphite. In addition, the three nitrates show a thermal expansion anomaly at about — 20 °C and one of the bisulphates shows a small anomaly at — 3 °C. These may be due to λ -type transformations in these salts.

Bragg–von Laue diffraction generalized to twisted X-rays

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Jüstel ◽  
Gero Friesecke ◽  
Richard D. James
Keyword(s):  
Plane Waves ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Periodic Case ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Helical Structures ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Ray Methods

A pervasive limitation of nearly all practical X-ray methods for the determination of the atomic scale structure of matter is the need to crystallize the molecule, compound or alloy in a sufficiently large (∼10 × 10 × 10 µm) periodic array. In this paper an X-ray method applicable to structure determination of some important noncrystalline structures is proposed. It is designed according to a strict mathematical analog of von Laue's method, but replacing the translation group by another symmetry group, and simultaneously replacing plane waves by different exact closed-form solutions of Maxwell's equations. Details are presented for helical structures like carbon nanotubes or filamentous viruses. In computer simulations the accuracy of the determination of structure is shown to be comparable to the periodic case.

Determination of Antimony, Tin, and Arsenic in High Antimonial Lead Alloys by Vacuum X-ray Fluorescence

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. McAlpin ◽  
Charles T. Kenner
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lead Alloys ◽  
Percentage Concentration ◽  
Chill Cast ◽  
Antimonial Lead ◽  
Ray Methods

A method of x-ray fluorescence analysis for high antimonial lead alloys has been developed to cover antimony concentrations between 6 and 18%, a range not covered in previously published x-ray methods. The proposed method utilizes a General Electric XRD 6 VS spectrometer, chill-cast mold, and a special cutting bit to produce a smooth surface. Ten separate 10-sec counts are taken at 120° intervals to offset nonhomogeneity of the surface. Average counts vs concentration are plotted to obtain calibration curves and percentage concentration. The precision and accuracy of the proposed method compare favorably with the classical wet method. The average standard deviation of the proposed method in terms of the amount present is 1.19% for antimony, 2.03% for tin, and 2.37% for arsenic. These values are within the limits required in the specifications of most high antimonial lead alloys. A time saving of 2 h per sample is realized by the x-ray method over the classical wet method.

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