THE HYDROGENATION OF ALBERTA COALS: II. COMPARATIVE DATA ON THIRTEEN COALS OF VARIOUS RANKS AND TWO SUSPENSION MEDIA, TETRALIN AND LIQUID PETROLATUM

1935 ◽  
Vol 13b (1) ◽  
pp. 11-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Boomer ◽  
A. W. Saddington ◽  
J. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
Free Basis ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Hydrogen Carrier ◽  
Commercial Process ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Solvent Action

Thirteen Alberta coals of graded rank have been hydrogenated in the presence of tetralin at 450 °C. and in the presence of liquid petrolatum at 425 °C. Tetralin is superior to liquid petrolatum owing, it is believed, to its efficiency as a hydrogen carrier and its solvent action on coal. The use of tetralin or materials of similar chemical constitution in a commercial process is considered possible, and the greater cost of the medium might be more than offset by its greater efficiency as compared with the ordinary heavy oils.A definite progression from old to young coals has been shown by increasing yields of volatile oil, gas and water, and decreasing yields of pitch and coke.Conversions of coal to oils, water and gas as high as 96.7% with tetralin and 81.6% with liquid petrolatum on the dry, ash-free basis have been reported.

scholarly journals 3. An account of the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 542-543
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Potash ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Purple Colour ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Almond Oil ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Bitter Almond ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metallic Potassium

The substance which is the subject of investigation in this paper is a volatile oil, obtained by distillation from a mixture of bran, sul­phuric acid and water, and is designated by the author by the name of furfurol . Its chemical composition is expressed by the formula C 15 H 6 O 6 , and its properties are the following:—When free from water and freshly rectified, it is nearly colourless; but after a few hours, it acquires a brownish tint, which eventually deepens almost to blackness. When in contact with water, or when not properly rendered anhydrous, it is less subject to change, and merely assumes a yellow colour. Its odour resembles that of a mixture of bitter almond oil and oil of cassia, but has less fragrance. Its specific gravity at 60° Fahr. is 1·168; it boils at 323° Fahr., and distils at that temperature without alteration. It dissolves to a large extent in cold water and also in alcohol. Its solution in concentrated sul­phuric acid has a magnificent purple colour, and is decomposed by water. Nitric acid, with the aid of heat, attacks the oil with pro­digious violence, evolving copious red fumes, and generating oxalic acid, which appears to be the only product. It dissolves in a solu­tion of caustic potash, forming a deep brown liquid, from which acids precipitate a resinous matter. With a slight heat, it explodes when acted upon by metallic potassium. When placed in contact with 5 or 6 times its bulk of Liquor ammoniæ , it is gradually converted into a solid, yellowish-white, and somewhat crystalline mass, which is very bulky, perfectly soluble in cold water, and easily obtained in a state of dryness under a vacuum. The formula expressing the chemical constitution of this substance, or of furfuroamide , as the author calls it, is C 15 H 6 N O 3 , and it is classed by him with the amides . The oil itself appears to be identical with the substance described by Dr. Stenhouse under the name of artificial oil of ants . Another substance, isomeric with the amides, and of which the formula is C 30 H 12 N 2 O 6 , was obtained by the author, and termed by him furfurine ,and found to have the proper­ties of a vegeto-alkali, and to form saline compounds with various acids.

My Vocational Situation: Normative, Psychometric, and Comparative Data

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen B. Lucas ◽  
Norman C. Gysbers ◽  
Keith L. Buescher ◽  
P. Paul Heppner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Data ◽  
Vocational Situation

Counseling psychology and clinical psychology: Some preliminary comparative data.

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Edward Watkins ◽  
Frederick G. Lopez ◽  
Vicki L. Campbell ◽  
Catherine D. Himmell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
Comparative Data

Composition of volatile oil and antioxidant activity of the oil and methanolic extracts of Ferula microcolea Boiss

Planta Medica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Amiri ◽  
M Dehshiri ◽  
A Zarei ◽  
M Mehrnia ◽  
Z Servat
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

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