scholarly journals AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EQUILIBRIA EXISTING IN GAS-WATER SYSTEMS FORMING ELECTROLYTES

1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Morgan ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Free Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The data and theoretical treatment contained in this paper are the continuation of a series of researches instituted to investigate the equilibria existing in certain gaseous-aqueous systems. In this work the vapor pressures and electrolytic conductivities of aqueous solutions of sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia have been measured with greater precision than ever before over a temperature range from 0 to 25 °C. and over a concentration range where their respective vapor pressures do not exceed one atmosphere. From the data thus derived, equilibria relations have been calculated and certain changes have been made in the mode of theoretical procedure involved in this type of calculation.With regard to the equilibria existing in the three systems, the conclusions drawn may be summarized as follows: Practically all of the ammonia exists in the combined form and practically all the carbon dioxide exists as free carbon dioxide in the aqueous solutions in the temperature range investigated. The amounts of free and combined sulphur dioxide are of the same order of magnitude and the relative amount of combined and free sulphur dioxide can be calculated approximately, the latter increasing markedly with rising temperature. The true dissociation constant can therefore be found for ammonium hydroxide, can be estimated for sulphurous acid, but cannot be calculated for carbonic acid from the available data.

EQUILIBRIA IN SULPHUR DIOXIDE SOLUTIONS

1930 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Boyd Campbell ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Free Sulphur

The investigation described deals with the equilibria existing in a water solution of sulphur dioxide. The vapor pressures and conductivities of solutions of sulphur dioxide were measured over the temperature range 23° to 135 °C. at various concentrations up to 8%. The densities of the aqueous solutions up to 15% were also measured. A discussion of the various equilibria in the light of these data leads to the conclusion that sulphurous acid is one of considerable strength, its apparent weakness being due to the small amount of H2SO3 actually present. With rise in temperature the free sulphur dioxide increases and the hydrogen-ion concentration of the sulphite liquor used in current practice is so low that it seems highly improbable that the cooking reaction is due essentially to this factor. Apart from the bearing this work may have on the theory of sulphite cooking and the theory of the equilibria existing in the SO2−H2O system, it fills a considerable gap in the data regarding sulphur dioxide.

THE VARIATION OF THE VISCOSITY OF GASES WITH TEMPERATURE OVER A LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGE

1935 ◽  
Vol 13b (3) ◽  
pp. 140-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Van Cleave ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Inversion Temperature

The coefficients of viscosity of ammonia, propylene, ethylene and methyl ether, over the temperature range 23 to −80 °C., have been measured. A comparison is made between the present data and those of other authors for temperatures above 0 °C. It is estimated that the authors' results are correct to 0.2% and have a relative accuracy of 0.1%. It is claimed that they are the most accurate data for the viscosity of gases at low temperatures to date.The validity of a number of viscosity–temperature relations has been tested with the present data and those previously published (18, 20). In general, it is found that the equations of Sutherland and Jones hold at high temperatures but fail at low temperatures for substances such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, methyl ether and propylene, which have viscosity–temperature curves that are convex to the temperature axis below room temperature. An empirical equation is suggested which adequately represents the variation of viscosity with temperature for these five gases over the temperature range 23 to −80 °C. However, this relation fails at high temperatures for all gases, and even at low temperatures for substances such as hydrogen, air and ethylene.It is pointed out that the viscosity–temperature curves for carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, methyl ether and propylene each show a definite inversion or inflexion point. Below this inversion temperature the viscosity curves are convex to the temperature axis; above it they are concave to the temperature axis. In general, it seems that this inversion temperature bears a direct relation to the polarity of the molecule and to the critical temperature.

scholarly journals The kinetics of the carbon dioxide-carbonic acid reaction

1933 ◽  
Vol 232 (707-720) ◽  
pp. 65-97 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Ionization Constant ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
H 20

In aqueous solutions of Carbon Dioxide, the concentration of dissolved C02 as such, is, at equilibrium, far greater than the concentration of carbonic acid, [H2C03]. On this account solutions of carbon dioxide are found to be only weakly acidic, although H 2C03 itself, according to THIEL,* and THIEL and STROHECKER and later authors, is a fairly strong acid, with a true first ionization constant of about 2 X 10“4, i.e ., 2 X 10~4 [H2C03] = [H] [HC03]. The “ apparent” first ionization constant of carbonic acid, KCo2> is, however, given by the equation Kcp2 (dissolved [C02] + [H2C03]) = [H] [HODS], and since the dissolved [C02] at equilibrium is found to be of the order of 1000 times greater than the [H2C03], the value of KC02 is correspondingly smaller than 2 X 10~4, and is given as 3 X 10~7. MCBAIN, THIEL ( loc. cit. ) and others have shown that the reversible reaction C02 -f- H 20 0 H 2C03 is a relatively slow one, and hence that the neutralization of dissolved carbon dioxide by alkali differs from the neutralization of other weak acids in not being instantaneous.

STUDIES ON THE SYSTEM CALCIUM-OXIDE–SULPHUR-DIOXIDE–WATER: I. DETERMINATION OF VAPOR PRESSURES AND CONDUCTIVITIES

1935 ◽  
Vol 13b (4) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Gurd ◽  
P. E. Gishler ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
The Way

The system calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water is to be investigated in order to determine the nature of existing equilibria, and the way in which these vary with concentration and temperature. In this paper a technique is described by means of which vapor pressures and conductivities have been measured over the temperature range 25° to 130 °C. and over the concentration range 0 to 2.5% CaO and 0 to 6% SO2. The data obtained are systematized in tabular form.

Antistaphylococcal activity of carbonic acid extract of hops

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
V.V. Nevmerzhitsky ◽  
V.Yu. Ivannik ◽  
V.V. Kazmirchuk ◽  
T.N. Moiseenko ◽  
T.A. Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Antistaphylococcal Activity ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Main Disadvantage

The fight against staphylococcal infection, increasing the effectiveness of methods of prevention and treatment of diseases of staphylococcal etiology is of interest to scientists and practitioners, both in Ukraine and around the world. The urgency of this problem is growing rapidly, as there is a tendency to increase the resistance of not only staphylococci, but also other gram-positive bacteria. The spread of methicillin-resistant staphylococci restricts the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of diseases of staphylococcal etiology. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common and dangerous type, which is one of the main factors of purulent-inflammatory lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. As a result of mutations, pathogenic staphylococci acquired resistance to antibacterial drugs. The main disadvantage of modern antibiotics is their non-selectivity. As a result of mutations, pathogenic staphylococci acquired resistance to antibacterial drugs. The main disadvantage of modern antibiotics is their non-selectivity. One of the unique and promising medicinal plants, which contains a rich complex of biologically active substances (BAS), is common hops (Humulus lupulus L.). The complex of BAS (flavonoids, hormones, vitamins, bitter, phenolic compounds, essential oils) causes anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, hyposensitizing and analgesic action of hops. The purpose of this work is to determine the antistaphylococcal activity of the carbon dioxide extract of hops and to justify the development on its basis of new antimicrobial agents for the prevention and treatment of infectious and purulent-inflammatory diseases. The following methods were used: microbiological (method of diffusion into agar (well method)) and mathematical and statistical. The high antimicrobial activity of the carbon dioxide extract of hops has been established for museum test strains of the genus Staphylococcus. The results of the studies testify to the prospects of further study of the bactericidal properties of the extract of hops carbon dioxide with the aim of creating effective antimicrobial agents on its basis for the prevention and treatment of infectious and purulent-inflammatory diseases of staphylococcal etiology.

Application of Disk Aerators to Recarbonation of Alkaline Wastewater from Wet Gasification of Carbide

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gomólka ◽  
B. Gomólka
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Patent Claim ◽  
Phase Dispersion

Whenever possible, neutralization of alkaline wastewater should involve low-cost acid. It is conventional to make use of carbonic acid produced via the reaction of carbon dioxide (contained in flue gases) with water according to the following equation: Carbon dioxide content in the flue gas stream varies from 10% to 15%. The flue gas stream may either be passed to the wastewater contained in the recarbonizers, or. enter the scrubbers (which are continually sprayed with wastewater) from the bottom in oountercurrent. The reactors, in which recarbonation occurs, have the ability to expand the contact surface between gaseous and liquid phase. This can be achieved by gas phase dispersion in the liquid phase (bubbling), by liquid phase dispersion in the gas phase (spraying), or by bubbling and spraying, and mixing. These concurrent operations are carried out during motion of the disk aerator (which is a patent claim). The authors describe the functioning of the disk aerator, the composition of the wastewater produced during wet gasification of carbide, the chemistry of recarbonation and decarbonation, and the concept of applying the disk aerator so as to make the wastewater fit for reuse (after suitable neutralization) as feeding water in acetylene generators.

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