THE CHLORINATION OF METHANE

1929 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Boswell ◽  
R. R. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Cupric Chloride ◽  
Ethyl Chloride ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
Complete Utilization

A small-scale method was first developed in which the degree of chlorination of methane to methyl chloride could be determined by analysis of the resulting gases. The optimum conditions so determined were then applied on a scale which permitted the isolation and measurement of the products. A yield of 80% or better was obtained when using as a catalyst partially-reduced cupric chloride and passing moist nitrogen, methane and chlorine in the ratios of 70:7:1 at 450 °C. It was found that the proportion of chlorine could be more than doubled when 8% of hydrogen was present in the methane. Under such conditions the chlorine was completely utilized and only methyl chloride and hydrogen chloride were formed. The yield of isolated methyl chloride obtained was nearly 80% and this could be increased by operating on a larger scale. The same catalyst was successfully used in the chlorination of methane to carbon tetrachloride. A yield of 90% was obtained, with complete utilization of the chlorine. The chlorination of ethane to ethyl chloride, with a yield of at least 75% was also shown to be possible.

Diffusion of Methane and Chloromethanes in Air

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cowie ◽  
Harry Watts
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Diffusion Cell ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Gaseous Diffusion ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Concentration Changes

The binary gaseous diffusion coefficients of air with methane, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride at 298.2 °K and 1 atm have been determined. A simple diffusion cell was used, in which concentration changes of the diffusing gas were followed by infrared spectrophotometry.

Photolysis of Carbon Tetrachloride in the Presence of Ethyl Chloride at 25°C

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 4166-4169 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. S. Yu ◽  
M. H. J. Wijnen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Ethyl Chloride

scholarly journals Characterization of Ficus benjamina and Artocarpus heterophyllus Proteases as Potential Rennet Alternatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
Andreas Binar Aji Sukmana ◽  
Indy Widyaningrum ◽  
Rischa Karmila Lani ◽  
Sri Kasmiyati
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Ficus Benjamina ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Plant Proteases

Rennet, a milk coagulant exhibiting proteolytic activity, is a crucial component in cheese industries. Its price and availability have discouraged the growth of some small scale cheese industries. Therefore, an alternative for rennet will be beneficial for the industries. Among other sources, plant proteases offer some advantages as rennet alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the potential of plant proteases obtained from the latex as potential rennet alternatives. A total of six plants from the genus Ficus and Artocarpus were screened for their proteolytic activity and milk coagulating ability. The screening indicated that all six tested plants displayed proteolytic activity at various levels, but only Ficus benjamina and Artocarpus heterophyllus produced a firm milk curd. Hence, both F. benjamina and A. heterophyllus were determined to be the most potential. Further characterizations suggested that F. benjamina and A. heterophyllus protease were optimum at pH 7.0 also at 50°C and 40°C, respectively. At their optimum conditions, both proteases exhibited a lower MCA/PA ratio than that of the rennet. This study contributed to scientific knowledge development by becoming the first to characterize the optimum conditions of F. benjamina and A. heterophyllus’ proteases, investigate their MCA/PA ratio, and compare their activity against commercial rennet. The examination of their potentials as rennet alternatives could benefit small cheese industries and the communities.

scholarly journals THE USE OF INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF SOME HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Breitman ◽  
E. W. R. Steacie
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures

The infrared spectra of chloral, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform have been determined between 1500 and 650 cm.−1 over a range of pressures in the gas phase. Absorption bands suitable for the quantitative analysis of binary and ternary mixtures of the components have been selected and their peak intensities shown to obey Beer's Law over the range of pressures studied. Ternary mixtures have been analyzed from the spectra with an accuracy of about 20%.The spectra of dichloromethane and methyl chloride have also been measured under comparable conditions.

Convenient small-scale method for the insertion of iron into porphyrins

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Landergren ◽  
Lars Baltzer
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Method

Path Recognition Technology of Self-Tracing Car Based on OV6620

2013 ◽  
Vol 760-762 ◽  
pp. 1572-1575
Author(s):  
Shuang Cheng ◽  
Kai Shi ◽  
Li Guang Wang ◽  
Meng Jun Ye ◽  
Chang Hui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Hardware Design ◽  
The Self ◽  
Good Stability ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Black Line ◽  
Sensor Unit ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
Video Sensor

This paper proposes extracting black line with small-scale method in the self-tracing car system based on OV6620 as the video sensor unit. Describe the hardware design of OV6620 and other two kinds of image signal extracting methods, which are to extract black line from left to right, and extract black line from middle to both sides. The testing shows that extracting black line with small-scale method has good stability, accuracy, and anti-interference.

scholarly journals Grey Oyster Mushroom Biofarm for Small-Scale Entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Desta Berhe Sbhatu ◽  
Haftom Baraki Abraha ◽  
Hiluf Tekle Fisseha
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Aseptic Conditions ◽  
Growing Mass

This paper reports the productivity of a small-scale pilot biofarm of grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing.). The pilot was tested in Mekelle city (Ethiopia) in a brick-walled dark room. Growing structures were constructed by erecting three wood poles and fixing them with three wooden side bars at multiple locations to make a prism-shaped rack with multiple triangular open shelves, each capable of carrying one bag of spawned substrate. Mushroom substrates were prepared from maize stalk and wheat bran supplement. Pasteurized chopped maize stalk and wheat bran were mixed at the ratio of 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, and 7:3—yielding four treatments. Five kilograms of substrate was taken from each treatment and was mixed with one kilogram of gypsum to produce a growing mass. Each mass was spawned with 200 g of inoculum under aseptic conditions and put in polyethylene bags. The treatments were replicated thrice and the bags were put on the growth racks in completely randomized design. The growing room was maintained at optimum conditions. Maize stalk substrates supplemented with 10% and 20% of wheat bran have resulted in statistically comparable productivities but statistically significantly higher than those grown on nonsupplemented and highly supplemented maize stalk substrates (p ≤ 0.05). The ingenuity of the design and the convenience of the construction of the racks, the availability of the substrates, and the simplicity of the management and maintenance of the biofarm rendered the piloted design suitable for home-based and small- and medium-scale mushroom biofarm entrepreneurship.

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