Endophytic fungal symbionts associated with gypsophilous plants

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Porras-Alfaro ◽  
Srivathsan Raghavan ◽  
Margaret Garcia ◽  
Robert L. Sinsabaugh ◽  
Donald O. Natvig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Dark Septate Fungi

Gypsum soils (calcium sulfate) occur throughout arid regions of the world. These soils contain a large number of endemic plants. Limited information is available about the microbial symbionts of these plants. We collected eight endemic gypsophilous flowering plant species in New Mexico and characterized their root- and leaf-associated fungi using molecular, microscopic, and culture techniques. Dominant culturable fungi were identified by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region. Microscopic analysis of roots indicated that gypsophilous plants are colonized primarily by arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungi. Sporobolus nealleyi Vasey (a gypsophilous grass) showed the greatest percentages of fungal colonization. All fungal isolates belonged to the Ascomycota, dominated by the orders Pleosporales and Sordariales. Isolates in the Alternaria complex were the dominant fungi recovered from leaves, and Monosporascus was the dominant genus recovered from roots. The dominant genera show low plant specificity and wide distribution as plant symbionts in arid regions. The generalist nature of gypsophilous plants with respect to their fungal symbionts could be advantageous for their successful establishment and survival. A common cohort of fungal symbionts could facilitate efficient transfer of nutrients and water in these plants that are restricted to a specific substrate in an environment dominated by extreme conditions.

Aspects of reproduction, and morphology of the penis, of Pseudantechinus woolleyae (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Erectile Tissue ◽  
Australian Museum ◽  
Seasonal Breeder ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
One Year ◽  
Western Australian

Woolley’s Pseudantechinus, P. woolleyae, has remained virtually unstudied in the 30 years since its recognition in 1988 as a species distinct from P. macdonnellensis. It has a wide distribution in arid regions of Western Australia. What little is known of its biology comes largely from studies carried out over the years 1988–91 on one wild-caught female and her offspring, and a few specimens held in the collection of the Western Australian Museum. P. woolleyae is a seasonal breeder and young are born from late July to early October. They mature when ~7 months old. Both males and females are potentially capable of breeding in more than one year. Males have accessory erectile tissue that does not form an appendage on the penis.

scholarly journals Studies on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in some medicinal plant species of paithal hills, western ghats kannur district, kerala

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Santhoshkumar S ◽  
Nagarajan N ◽  
Sree Priya S
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Spore Population ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

In the present study to analyzed that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in root colonization and spore population in rhizosphere soils samples in various medicinal at Paithal hills,Western Ghats of Kannur district, Kerala, India. Root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected during the month of August, 2018-March, 2019 from the surface to 30 cm depth as well as pH were also recorded. Totally 30 plant species belonging to 19 families were collected and identified. The present result showed arbuscular mycorrhizal spore population in the rhizosphere soil and root colonization of all the plant species. A total of 19 AM fungal spores were recovered from the rhizosphere soil samples in this study region. The Glomus was dominant had seen in rhizosphere soil samples in all the medicinal plant species. The maximum spore population was found in the rhizosphere soil samples of Mimosa pudica (590/100g of soil) which belongs to the family Mimosaceae and the lowest spore population was observed in the Terminalia bellirica 135/100g of soil) belongs to Combretaceae family. The highest  78 % AM fungal colonization was found in roots of Euphorbia hirta belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. While the lowest 11 % AM fungal colonization was found in the root of Sida acuta belongs to the family Malvaceae.

scholarly journals The Phosphate Inhibition Paradigm: Host and Fungal Genotypes Determine Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization and Responsiveness to Inoculation in Cassava With Increasing Phosphorus Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alexander Peña Venegas ◽  
Soon-Jae Lee ◽  
Moses Thuita ◽  
Deusdedit Peter Mlay ◽  
Cargele Masso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
P Supply

A vast majority of terrestrial plants are dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for their nutrient acquisition. AMF act as an extension of the root system helping phosphate uptake. In agriculture, harnessing the symbiosis can potentially increase plant growth. Application of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis has been demonstrated to increase the yields of various crops. However, there is a paradigm that AMF colonization of roots, as well as the plant benefits afforded by inoculation with AMF, decreases with increasing phosphorus (P) supply in the soil. The paradigm suggests that when fertilized with sufficient P, inoculation of crops would not be beneficial. However, the majority of experiments demonstrating the paradigm were conducted in sterile conditions without a background AMF or soil microbial community. Interestingly, intraspecific variation in R. irregularis can greatly alter the yield of cassava even at a full application of the recommended P dose. Cassava is a globally important crop, feeding 800 million people worldwide, and a crop that is highly dependent on AMF for P uptake. In this study, field trials were conducted at three locations in Kenya and Tanzania using different AMF and cassava varieties under different P fertilization levels to test if the paradigm occurs in tropical field conditions. We found that AMF colonization and inoculation responsiveness of cassava does not always decrease with an increased P supply as expected by the paradigm. The obtained results demonstrate that maximizing the inoculation responsiveness of cassava is not necessarily only in conditions of low P availability, but that this is dependent on cassava and fungal genotypes. Thus, the modeling of plant symbiosis with AMF under different P levels in nature should be considered with caution.

scholarly journals Morphological and molecular identifications of three native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Elaeis guineensis and Jatropha curcas in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Viva Rini ◽  
Fitri Yelli ◽  
Darwin Leonardo Tambunan ◽  
Inggar Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Morphological Studies

Abstract. Rini MV, Yelli F, Tambunan DL, Damayanti I. 2021. Morphological and molecular identifications of three native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Elaeis guineensis and Jatropha curcas in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4940-4947. Molecular analysis has been widely used to provide more accurate identification within arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species than identification based on morphology. However, morphological analysis is essential for a basic preliminary of classification studies. Therefore, a study is needed to complete the identification of AMF isolates through morphological and molecular analyses. This research used three AMF isolates, namely MV 5, MV 17, and MV 18, which were isolated from Indonesian agricultural land. Spore-based taxonomy (shape, size, color, ornamentation, PVLG, and Melzer’s reaction) and fungal colonization on roots of maize trap plants were employed for the morphological studies. AMF species identification was performed using molecular analysis through nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment of SSU rRNA followed by sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. Morphological analysis showed that MV 5 had spores borne from the neck of the sporiferous saccule, MV 17 was found to have a bulbous suspensor without a germination shield, and MV 18 had spores borne from subtending hyphae. The SSUR rRNA analysis revealed that MV 5, MV 15, and MV 18 were identified as Acaulospora longula, Gigaspora margarita, and Glomus etunicatum, respectively. Both morphological and molecular methods demonstrated reliable and consistent results that complement AMF taxonomy studies.

scholarly journals Study morphology of loquat plants (Eriobotrya Japonica Lindl.) from Karo, Dairi, and Simalungun Districts, North Sumatra

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012103
Author(s):  
Elimasni ◽  
R A Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Binary Data ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
The Public

Abstract Abstrak. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a flowering plant that belongs to the Rosacea family. The loquat has many health benefits. Cultivation and information about loquat plants in Indonesia are still limited, so they are rarely found and known by the public. Limited information and data regarding loquat plants is also an obstacle to the development of loquat plants. Research on loquat plants aims to analyze the morphological characters in three districts, namely, Karo, Dairi, and Simalungun districts. This research was conducted using a descriptive method. The analysis of the morphological characteristics of loquat plants using morphological data scoring into binary data. The similarity between individuals was analyzed using clusters with the NTSYS program version 2.0 with the UPGMA method of the SimQual function. Morphological Observation Results Loquat plants (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) in Karo, Dairi, and Simalungun Districts have uniform characters in the morphology of stems, leaves, and flowers. However, the observed fruit and seed morphology showed different characters. Different characters exist in the shape of the fruit and seeds. The morphological similarity level of loquat plants was grouped at a similarity coefficient value of 95%. Clusters I and II have the highest similarity with a coefficient value of 100%. Cluster III has the lowest similarity with a coefficient value of 97%.

scholarly journals Integrative Analysis of the Wheat PHT1 Gene Family Reveals A Novel Member Involved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Phosphate Transport and Immunity

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Lizong Hu ◽  
Deshui Yu ◽  
Kedong Xu ◽  
Ju Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Phosphate Transport ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Inducible Genes

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main growth-limiting factors for plants. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can significantly promote P uptake. Generally, PHT1 transporters play key roles in plants’ P uptake, and thus, PHT1 genes have been investigated in some plants, but the regulation and functions of these genes in wheat (TaPHT1) during AM symbiosis have not been studied in depth. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of TaPHT1 genes was performed, including sequence, phylogeny, cis-elements, expression, subcellular localization and functions, to elucidate their roles in AM-associated phosphate transport and immunity. In total, 35 TaPHT1s were identified in the latest high-quality bread wheat genome, 34 of which were unevenly distributed on 13 chromosomes, and divided into five groups. Sequence analysis indicated that there are 11 types of motif architectures and five types of exon-intron structures in the TaPHT1 family. Duplication mode analysis indicated that the TaPHT1 family has expanded mainly through segmental and tandem duplication events, and that all duplicated gene pairs have been under purifying selection. Transcription analysis of the 35 TaPHT1s revealed that not only known the mycorrhizal-specific genes TaPht-myc, TaPT15-4B (TaPT11) and TaPT19-4D (TaPT10), but also four novel mycorrhizal-specific/inducible genes (TaPT3-2D, TaPT11-4A, TaPT29-6A, and TaPT31-7A) are highly up-regulated in AM wheat roots. Furthermore, the mycorrhizal-specific/inducible genes are significantly induced in wheat roots at different stages of infection by colonizing fungi. Transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation expression in onion epidermal cells showed that TaPT29-6A is a membrane-localized protein. In contrast to other AM-specific/inducible PHT1 genes, TaPT29-6A is apparently required for the symbiotic and direct Pi pathway. TaPT29-6A-silenced lines exhibited reduced levels of AM fungal colonization and arbuscules, but increased susceptibility to biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. In conclusion, TaPT29-6A was not only essential for the AM symbiosis, but also played vital roles in immunity.

scholarly journals Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal and fine endophytic fungi in herbaceous vegetation in the Canadian High Arctic

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1547-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Axel Olsson ◽  
Bente Eriksen ◽  
Anders Dahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Devon Island ◽  
Dark Septate Fungi ◽  
Banks Island ◽  
Glomus Tenue ◽  
Ellef Ringnes Island

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was surveyed along a latitudinal gradient in Arctic Canada including Banks Island (73°N), Devon Island (74°N), Ellesmere Island (76°N), and the Magnetic North Pole at Ellef Ringnes Island (78°N). At Banks Island, AM fungi were present and colonized at a high intensity in all specimens of Potentilla hookeriana Lehm. – Potentilla pulchella R.Br., Arnica angustifolia Vahl, and Erigeron uniflorus L. ssp. eriocephalus (Vahl ex Hornen.) Cronq. sampled. The soil collected under these plants showed a high inoculum potential when tested at greenhouse conditions using Plantago lanceolata L. as a bait plant. Occasional occurrence of AM fungi was recorded in Festuca hyperborea Holmen ex Frederiksen, Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., and Potentilla hookeriana – Potentilla pulchella at Devon Island. Despite the fact that potential AM plants are present, no AM was found at the two most northern sites, Ellesmere Island and Ellef Ringnes Island. There seems to be climatic or dispersal limitations to AM colonization at these northern sites. Fine endophytic fungi, formerly named Glomus tenue (Grenall) I.R. Hall, were recorded at all four sites, but most frequently at Banks Island. We thereby provide further evidence that fine endophytes are more frequent in harsh climatic conditions than AM fungi. There was a relatively high proportion of nonmycorrhizal plant species at all sites, and this proportion increased towards the north.Key words: arctic, arbuscular mycorrhiza, fine endophytes, dark septate fungi.

Are resources allocated differently to symbiosis and reproduction in Geranium sylvaticum under different light conditions?

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarkko Korhonen ◽  
Minna-Maarit Kytöviita ◽  
Pirkko Siikamäki
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Light ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Dark Septate Fungi

Light levels under the forest canopy are low and generally limit plant photosynthetic gains. We hypothesized that in low-light habitats, plant photosynthate acquisition is too low to allow the same magnitude of resource allocation to symbiosis and reproduction as in high-light habitats. We tested this hypothesis in a field study where Geranium sylvaticum L. plants were collected on three occasions during the growing season from shade and light habitats. In addition, we investigated the relationship between mycorrhizal colonization level and soil nutrient levels in shade and high-light habitats over a growing season. We found that light availability affects resource allocation in G. sylvaticum. Plants were intensively colonized with both arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungi, and the colonization intensities of these two different groups of fungi correlated positively with each other. In comparison with high-light meadows, mycorrhizal colonization levels were as high or higher in low-light forest habitats, but plants produced fewer flowers. This indicates that allocation to symbiosis was of higher priority than allocation to reproduction in low light. Seed size was not affected by light levels and did not correlate with fungal colonization levels. We found no relationship between fungal colonization levels and soil characteristics.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, dark septate fungi, Geranium sylvaticum, reproduction, shade.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization. Factors Involved in Host Recognition: Fig. 1.

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 1493-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Gadkar ◽  
Rakafet David-Schwartz ◽  
Talya Kunik ◽  
Yoram Kapulnik
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Colonization Factors ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal
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