Photosynthetic and morphological responses of white birch, balsam poplar, and trembling aspen to freezing and artificial defoliation

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Steve Colombo ◽  
Junlin Li ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Morphological Responses ◽  
Spring Frosts

Comparative stress resistance of 1-year-old white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings was evaluated after exposure to freezing or defoliation. Photosynthesis in leaves surviving freezing (−5 °C) declined immediately after treatment, but nearly fully recovered within 3 weeks. Defoliation did not significantly increase photosynthesis in the remaining leaves. Refoliation occurred after freezing that killed terminal shoots and released current buds from apical dominance, while new leaves of larger size were produced through continuous growth of terminal shoots in 50% or 100% defoliation. Freezing and complete defoliation significantly reduced diameter and height growth in all species, whereas 50% defoliation did not affect growth. These results indicate some of the physiological and morphological responses to foliage loss in broadleaved boreal species that can help to maintain growth and productivity under a warming climate, which may result in more frequent damaging spring frosts and insect defoliation.

Trembling aspen, balsam poplar, and white birch respond differently to experimental warming in winter months

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1469-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Steve Colombo ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Junlin Li ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Increased Risk

Climatic warming may increase temperature variability, especially in winter months, leading to increased risk of early loss of cold hardiness and therefore freezing damage. In this study, changes in cold hardiness (measured based on electrolyte leakage), budbreak, and survival were used to indicate the responses of seedlings of 3 boreal broadleaf species [Formula: see text] trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), balsam poplar (P. balsamifera L.), and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) [Formula: see text] to experimental warming. Seedling responses were greater in winter (January) and spring (March) than fall (November), and were greater in trembling aspen and balsam poplar than white birch. Warming for 5 or 10 days at 16 °C day/–2 °C night with a 10-h photoperiod in winter and spring generally reduced cold hardiness. Combined with freezing temperatures in the postwarming ambient environment, this reduction increased seedling mortality and stem dieback and extended time to budbreak. Cold hardiness increased somewhat 10 days after seedlings were returned to the outdoor environment following warming in spring, when ambient temperatures were less damaging. The resistance of white birch to warming, likely because of its greater thermal requirement for budbreak and slower natural dehardening, suggests that this species is better suited to withstand increasing winter temperature variability that might occur under climate change. To improve the accuracy of phenological modelling, the effects of winter freezing on budbreak should be factored in.

Adventitious rooting of four Salicaceae species in response to a flooding event

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2597-2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne E. Krasny ◽  
John C. Zasada ◽  
Kristiina A. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Flooding Event ◽  
The Mean

The ability to form adventitious roots in response to a flooding event was examined in three floodplain species, sandbar willow (Salix interior Rowlee), feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov.), and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), and one upland species, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in interior Alaska. The mean number of adventitious roots formed per seedling was 7, 5, 2, and 0 for sandbar willow, feltleaf willow, balsam poplar, and trembling aspen, respectively. The ability to form adventitious roots was related to the distribution of the species on the floodplain.

FUNGI AND DECAY IN ASPEN AND BALSAM POPLAR IN THE BOREAL FOREST REGION, ALBERTA

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Thomas ◽  
D. E. Etheridge ◽  
Glen Paul
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Boreal Forest Region

Examination of 835 living trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and 527 balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) on 47 sample plots of mixed-wood forest of the Boreal Forest Region, Alberta, showed 73% of the aspen and 61% of the balsam poplar to be decayed. Additional trees of both species were infected by stain-producing fungi. The incidence of infection in aspen decreased from mesic sites to dry sites, while that for balsam poplar was about the same in mesic and wet sites. Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx was the first ranking fungus in both hosts in terms of associated decay. It had the greatest incidence of all fungi in aspen but ranked third to Pholiota spectabilis (Fr.) Quél. and Polyporus aduslus Willd. ex Fr. in balsam poplar. Corticium polygonium Pers. and Radulum casearium (Morg.) Lloyd together caused about as much decay in aspen as did Fomes igniarius, although neither fungus occurred in balsam poplar. Contrary to its generally low incidence in balsam poplar, Pholiota destruens (Brond.) Quél. caused most of the decay in this host, excepting that ascribed to Fomes igniarius. Pholiola destruens did not occur in aspen. Many fungi caused both basal and stem infections in both hosts, while few caused infections of one type only. Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Quél. caused the greatest number of basal infections in aspen but was exceeded by Pholiota spectabilis in balsam poplar. The greatest amount of butt decay was ascribed to Phlebia strigosozonala (Schw.) Lloyd in aspen and to Pholiota spectabilis in balsam poplar. The overall losses of volume due to decay were 25% and 10%, respectively, for aspen and balsam poplar.

scholarly journals Foliar Penetration of Picloram and 2,4-D in Aspen and Balsam Poplar

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Sharma ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Added surfactant (Atlox 210) at 1% (v/v) and high relative humidity enhanced the penetration of both 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) into detached leaves of aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The influence of added surfactant was greater for picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D than for the ethyl or butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D. Penetration of picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D occurred more readily from the abaxial than from adaxial surfaces of leaves. The ethyl ester of 2,4-D penetrated equally readily from both leaf surfaces. Penetration of picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D from the adaxial surface of leaves occurred readily in young leaves in early June. There was an increase in penetration in early July followed by a decrease in August and September to a level equal to or less than that in June. Penetration from the abaxial surface of leaves was nearly equal in June and July, but there was a gradual decrease in August and September. An increase in temperature from 10 to 25.5 or to 40.5 C resulted in a sharp increase in penetration of both picloram and 2,4-D under both low and high relative humidity. Autoradiographic evidence showed that movement of picloram within the leaf also was much more extensive at the higher temperatures. Partial removal of cuticular waxes from the adaxial surface of leaves with chloroform resulted in up to four-fold increases in penetration of picloram and 2,4-D. Differences in penetration rate of picloram between leaves of aspen poplar and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) did not account for reported differences in susceptibility between these two species.

Consequences of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone for foliar chemical composition and dynamics in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera)

2001 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Lindroth ◽  
Brian J. Kopper ◽  
William F.J. Parsons ◽  
James G. Bockheim ◽  
David F. Karnosky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Paper Birch

VISUAL STIMULI INFLUENCING ORIENTATION BY LARVAL GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Roden ◽  
J.R. Miller ◽  
G.A. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Real Tree

AbstractIn laboratory and field experiments involving artificial and real tree trunks, all larval instars of gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] crawling on a horizontal surface were influenced by the diameter, height, and species of a tree. For most larval instars, black artificial tree trunks were preferred to white trunks. The influence of the diameter and height of a host on larval attraction was examined with cardboard columns. The degree of larval attraction to a column of a certain diameter and height was positively correlated with the angle at which the column was presented. Significantly more larvae were attracted to bolts of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) than to white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) or trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The implications of these findings and their possible effects on host colonization are discussed.

Tree bole mineralization rates of four species of the Canadian eastern boreal forest: implications for nutrient dynamics following stand-replacing disturbances

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2331-2340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Brais ◽  
David Paré ◽  
Cédric Lierman
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Nutrient Immobilization

To assess nutrient dynamics in decomposing logs of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), we monitored mass losses and changes in N and P contents in dead boles from a chronosequence of sites following stand-replacing disturbances. To assess the importance of wood decomposition to nutrient cycling, we compared net estimates of nutrient release from logs with net nutrient immobilization in live-tree biomass of stands as a function of time since disturbance. Mineralization rates were 0.060, 0.053, 0.038, and 0.020·year–1 for trembling aspen, white birch, white spruce, and jack pine logs, respectively. Trembling aspen boles released large quantities of N and P during the first year of decomposition (51 kg·ha–1 of N and 7 kg·ha–1 of P, assuming a bole volume of 150 m3·ha–1). White birch boles acted initially as a nutrient sink and delayed the release of immobilized nutrients until a period when the stand's net nutrient immobilization rates were highest. Jack pine boles appeared to be intermediate in terms of their contribution as a sink or a source of nutrients but, in mature stands, provided up to 40% of N and 26% of P immobilized annually in tree biomass. As pure stands of white spruce are rare in boreal Quebec, information on nutrient accumulation in white spruce stands was not available.

scholarly journals First Report of Ceratocystis fimbriata Infecting Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera)

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 879-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vujanovic ◽  
Marc St.-Arnaud ◽  
Denis Charlebois ◽  
Elisabeth Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽  
First Report ◽  
Balsam Poplar

This is the first report of Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. (Ophiostomatales) (anamorph: Chalara sp. (Corda) Rabenh.) associated with symptoms of perennial canker on small branches and wilt of leaves and twigs on balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.). The fungus is known to occur on trembling aspen (P. tremuloides Michx.) (1) throughout the mountainous West and extends eastward to Quebec and Pennsylvania (2).These tree species are common in the boreal and Rocky Mountain areas of North America. In April 1999, the disease was observed on cuttings (15 × 1 cm) collected from the terminal branches of young balsam poplar trees (h = 4.5 m) near Baie Comeau located 350 km northeast of Quebec City (48°61′, 68°21′), Quebec, Canada. Apparently healthy cuttings were potted in a soil mix (peat moss and vermiculite, 3:1 vol:vol), grown in a greenhouse at 22 ± 1°C and watered twice a week. About 2 weeks after bud break, a number of cuttings were symptomatic, showing necrotic bark lesions and cankers, discoloration and wilting of leaves, and reddish brown exudate surrounding leaf petioles. During the following two weeks, 22% of the cuttings died (212 out of 958). The fungus was isolated from diseased cuttings on 2% MEA (malt extract agar), from the necrotic bark around active cankers (2 × 1 cm), from brown to black streaks found in vascular tissue, and from the ascomata found on the canker margin and inconspicuous necrotic roots. From necrotic petioles, one other opportunistic fungus, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud, was occasionally isolated. The inoculum for infection of the balsam poplar may have originated from neighboring trembling aspen trees. We believe that C. fimbriata could have a negative impact on reforestation efforts unless phytosanitary inspections are made of the planting stock. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) W. A. Sinclair et al. 1993. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 3rd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

scholarly journals Effects of Gypsy Moth Defoliation on Softwood and Hardwood Growth and Mortality in New Brunswick, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Richard Hennigar ◽  
David A. MacLean ◽  
Chris James Norfolk
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Insecticide Spray

Abstract The first major European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) outbreak occurred in central New Brunswick, Canada, on over 3,000 ha of forestland, from 2001ߝ2003. The outbreak was severe enough to result in considerable landowner concern and a privately funded aerial insecticide spray program to protect trees. Defoliation was unexpectedly severe on several tree species thought to be resistant or immune, as indicated from studies in the northeastern United States. Fifty plots (564 trees) were established and measured for standard mensurational characteristics, defoliation, and annual tree mortality, and after the cessation of defoliation, 44 trees were destructively stem analyzed to determine growth patterns. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) with defoliation of more than 75% sustained specific volume increment reduction averaging 55% and 25% mortality after 2 years of severe defoliation. Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) sustained about 40% growth reduction, similar to results of previous studies. However, white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), with more than 75% defoliation for 2 years, sustained 43ߝ48% growth reduction, higher than in previous studies, and 4ߝ12% mortality. The gypsy moth range in Canada appears to be gradually expanding beyond previous climatic (cold winter temperature) limitations, and these results will help to predict future impacts.

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