Combinations of soil materials for granular capillary barriers for minimizing rainfall infiltration and gas emission

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1580-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Zhang ◽  
Y.Q. Ke
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Silty Sand ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Local Soil

This paper presents a coupled air–water flow analysis to evaluate the performance of a three-layer capillary barrier for controlling water infiltration into and gas emission from a waste containment system in a high precipitation environment, and to optimize combinations of local soil layers for barrier construction. A multi-phase flow model is proposed considering the movements of the gas and water phases simultaneously. The governing partial differential equations are solved in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Several combinations of lean clay with sand (CL), clayey sand with gravel (SC), silty sand with gravel (SM), sandy silt (ML), and well-graded gravel with silt (GW–GM) are examined. The rates of percolation water and gas emission are used as indicators to compare the performance of different combinations. A fine-grained surface soil layer reduces both water infiltration and gas emission due to its low desaturation rate and high water-retention capacity. The coarse middle layer plays a critical role, promoting capillary effects and hindering water infiltration during rainfall as well as draining any infiltrated water or percolated gas.

scholarly journals Effect of Co-Use of Fly Ash and Granular Polyacrylamide on Infiltration, Runoff, and Sediment Yield from Sandy Soil under Simulated Rainfall

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Yang ◽  
Zejun Tang ◽  
Jianzhang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Retention Capacity

Coal fly ash (FA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) are two common amendments for improving hydraulic properties of sandy soil. However, their interaction effect on infiltration-runoff processes in sandy soil has been scarcely reported. In this study, FA and anionic PAM granules were mixed thoroughly with a 0–0.2 m sandy soil layer at FA rates of 0%, 10%, and 15% (w/w soil), and PAM rates of 0%, 0.01%, and 0.02% (w/w soil) along with each FA rate. A simulated rainfall laboratory experiment (slope gradient of 10°, rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/min) was conducted. During the rainfall, the cumulative runoff yield increased while the average infiltration rate decreased with increasing FA and PAM rates. A higher FA rate of 15% and varying PAM rates resulted in a prominent increase in cumulative sediment yield. After the rainfall, the two-dimensional distribution of water content retained in the soil profile reflected that both FA and PAM increased the water retention capacity of sandy soil, and the effect became more obvious at higher FA and PAM rates. The possible mechanism for the effect of FA and PAM on inhibiting water infiltration during the rainfall and retaining water in the soil layer after the rainfall is attributed to the filling of pores of the coarse soil particles by fine-sized FA particles and flocculation function and binding action of PAM.

scholarly journals Sugarcane straw decomposition and carbon balance as a function of initial biomass and vinasse addition to soil surface

Bragantia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Sayuri Yamaguchi ◽  
Nilza Patrícia Ramos ◽  
Cristina Silva Carvalho ◽  
Adriana Marlene Moreno Pires ◽  
Cristiano Alberto de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Sugarcane Straw

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate sugarcane straw decomposition and the potential of increasing soil carbon as a function of the initial biomass and vinasse addition to soil surface. The experimente consisted of incubation (240 days, in the dark, humidity equivalent to 70% of soil water retention capacity and average temperature of 28 °C) of Oxisol soil samples (0-20 cm soil layer) with straw added to soil surface at rates of 2; 4; 8; 16 and 24 t∙ha−1 and with or without vinasse addition (200 m3∙ha-1). The following variables were determined: released C-CO2, remaining straw dry matter, carbon straw and soil carbon concentration. The added biomass did not influence straw decomposition rate, but vinasse treatments provided rates between 70 and 94% compared to 68 to 75% for the ones without vinasse. The straw (16 and 24 t∙ha−1) decomposition rate increased between 14 and 35% due to vinasse addition, but the same behavior was not observed for released C-CO2. This result was explained by the twofold increase of soil carbon concentration, estimated by mass balance and confirmed analytically by the carbon concentration of soil samples. It was concluded that sugarcane straw decomposition, under no limiting conditions of humidity and temperature, did not depend on biomass initially added and that vinasse addition accelerated straw decomposition and potentialized carbon input into the soil.

scholarly journals Litter and deadwood water retention processes in a temperate mixed forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius G. Floriancic ◽  
Scott T. Allen ◽  
Peter Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Temperate Mixed Forest

<p>Countless studies have demonstrated ways in which forests and trees affect catchment water balances. Water balance differences between forested and non-forested landscapes are often attributed to characteristics related to trees’ ability to take up and transpire water, as well as their ability to intercept precipitation. However, another potentially important characteristic of forests that has been largely overlooked in hydrologic studies is the retention and accumulation of debris, litter and deadwood on the forest floor. Here we leverage ongoing measurements at the new hillslope laboratory “Waldlabor” in Zurich, Switzerland, where water retention in forest litter, deadwood and the top soil layer has been investigated using frequent field campaigns and innovative new sensing techniques.</p><p>Several approaches were used to determine the maximum storage capacity as well as the storage dynamics of different types and layers of litter. In-lab saturation experiments revealed the maximum storage capacity of various litter types (i.e., leaf and needle litter). Those values were also supported with field pre- and post- rainfall sampling campaigns to determine in-situ litter storage dynamics, as well as to understand the interplay between litter interception and soil-water recharge. Importantly, recharge was often substantially smaller at plots with litter, compared to those without litter. The storage and water retention capacity of deadwood samples was measured in the field by logging the diurnal differences in deadwood weight over a six month period. Dew and fog deposition during the night led to larger water availability for evaporation during the day. We measured increased humidity at sensors in the forest at 1 and 3m heights respectively, compared to the humidity outside the forest. Daily weight measurements over eight weeks of 40 deadwood pieces at our forest site revealed differences in the storage capacity depended on the degree of decomposition. Additionally, we found that water stored in forest floor spruce cones (daily measurements of 20 pieces) actively contributed to evaporation fluxes.</p><p>The combination of continuous sensor measurements (soil moisture, deadwood water content), field measurements (litter and deadwood grab samples) as well as laboratory work (saturation experiments) revealed the water storage and retention capacity of litter and deadwood in a typical temperate mixed forest and their contribution to evaporation. These measurements are one component of the new ETH Zürich “Waldlabor” research infrastructure, which also includes measurements of precipitation, xylem water, soil water, groundwater, and discharge amounts, isotope ratios, and other chemical characteristics.</p>

scholarly journals Amelioration of permeable soil with green liquor dregs for the construction of sealing layers for mine waste storage facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 06006
Author(s):  
Ida Kronsell ◽  
Susanne Nigéus ◽  
Anna Virolainen ◽  
Yu Jia ◽  
Thomas Pabst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Diffusion ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Mine Waste ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Acid Rock ◽  
Green Liquor ◽  
Green Liquor Dregs ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Sealing Layer

Mining of sulfidic ore generates acidic waste which often leads to the generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) having an adverse impact on aquatic flora and fauna. Engineered multilayer cover is one of the commonly used methods to prevent oxygen from being transported to mine waste. The sealing layer has a key function in the cover, thanks to its high water retention capacity and a low hydraulic conductivity, which enable the layer to remain near water saturation, effectively hindering oxygen diffusion. When adequate material is not available improvement of local soil material with a sealing agent is principally the only option to produce sealing layer material. Apart from bentonite clay, Green Liquor Dregs (GLD), a waste from the pulp and paper industry, have the ability to reduce the oxygen diffusion when mixed to granular soil, improving the water retention capacity of the blend. Experience from the development of Till/GLD-blends for the construction of sealing layers is compiled to address issue related to soil amelioration using waste with focus on material variation and quality control. The presentation focuses on the opportunities and challenges for the establishment of a circular system based on reutilization of a waste, herein GLD for improvement of soil’s geotechnical property.

scholarly journals Assessment of soil physical health and productivity of Kharkhoda and Gohana blocks of Sonipat district (Haryana), India

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Pramila Aggarwal ◽  
Ravendra Singh ◽  
Debashis Chakraborty ◽  
Ranjan Bhattacharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Aeration Capacity

In order to assess soil health of Kharkhoda and Gohana blocks of Sonipat district (a part of western Yamuna canal irrigated region), important parameters namely pH, electrical conductivity (EC), texture, bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil organic carbon (OC), available water retension capacity (AWRC) and non capillary pores (NCP) were measured by collecting undisturbed soil samples in nearly 66 villages. Soil physical rating index (PI) method was used to compute PI which was an indicator of soil physical health of thatregion. Results revealed that in Gohana and Kharkhoda blocks, nearly 90% area had pH <8.0 and EC>4 dS m-1, which indicated that soils were saline. Prediction maps of soil BD showed that 75% of the total area in 15-30 cm soil layer had BD above >1.6 mg m-3, which indicated the presence of hard pan in subsurface. HC data of subsurface layer also showed that 60% of the area had values<0.5 cm hr-1 which reconfirmed the presence of hard pan. For both surface as well as subsurface soil layers, mostly AWC was >10% which indicated adequate water retention capacity of these soils. However 85% of subsurface had poor soil aeration capacity as indicated NCP range < 10 %. Prediction map of PI for subsurface layer showed that majority of area had PI<0.4 which indicated that expected yield of the crop cannot be more than 70% of the potential yield even under normal or higher levels of fertilizer and water inputs.

scholarly journals Effect of cutting regime on soil physical properties of wet thistle meadows

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
R. Duffková ◽  
T. Kvítek
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Capillary Porosity ◽  
Positive Dependence ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Top Soil

Changes of selected soil physical properties (porosity P, soil organic matter SOM, bulk density &rho;<sub>d</sub>, particle density &rho;<sub>z</sub>, characteristics of water retention capacity &ndash; maximum capillary water capacity &theta;<sub>CMC</sub>, and non-capillary porosity P<sub>n</sub>) of permanent grassland (wet, non-fertilized, thistle meadows ass. Angelico-Cirsietum palustris, crystalline complex area, Czech Republic) in the top soil layer (3&ndash;10 cm) managed under three regimes (uncut UC; cut once a year C1; cut twice a year C2) were monitored for one undrained and two drained sites. There were no significant differences in selected soil physical properties among the test plots at the beginning of the study. As the intensity of utilisation decreased, the values of P, SOM, and P<sub>n</sub> increased and &rho;<sub>d</sub>, &rho;<sub>z</sub> and &theta;<sub>CMC</sub> decreased. Within 5&ndash;10 years of the beginning of the study, average values were: P at UC = 70, C1 = 69, C2 = 67%; SOM at UC = 10.7, C1 = 10.6, C2 = 10.0%; &rho;<sub>d</sub> at UC = 0.76, C1 = 0.79, C2 = 0.84 g/cm<sup>3</sup>; &rho;<sub>x</sub> at UC = 2.53, C1 = 2.55, C2 = 2.56 g/cm<sup>3</sup>; &theta;CMC at UC = 50, C1 = 53, C2 = 51%; P<sub>n</sub>at UC = 21, C1 and C2 = 16%. Moderate negative dependence of both &rho;<sub>x</sub> and &rho;<sub>d</sub> on SOM and of &rho;<sub>d</sub> on P<sub>n</sub> and a moderate positive dependence of P on SOM was observed. &theta;<sub>CMC</sub> changes did not show links to other soil physical properties. The greatest looseness of the top soil layer, expressed by a decrease in &rho;<sub>d</sub>, occurred with the UC regime in direct correlation with SOM, P<sub>n</sub> and P.

scholarly journals Soil-hydrophysical information support of precise irrigation farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 2(26) ◽  
pp. 244-260
Author(s):  
V.V. Terleev ◽  
◽  
Ie. A. Dunaieva ◽  
R.S. Ginevsky ◽  
V.A. Lazarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Hysteresis Phenomenon ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Relative Hydraulic Conductivity

The relevance of the study is determined by the demand for a physically adequate mathematical description of the interactions of water in the soil to develop a model of soil moisture dynamics as the intellectual core of resource-saving technologies for precise irrigation farming. The aim of the work is theoretical substantiation and mathematical formulation of the hydrophysical functions of the soil, taking into account hysteresis. A description of three systems of soil hydrophysical functions is given. To verify and compare the systems, computational experiments were carried out using both the package of original software and “3305 Ida silt loam (> 15 cm)” soil data from the authoritative literary source – the Mualem catalogue. The parameters of the functions were identified by the method of point approximation of the experimental data on the main branches of the hysteretic water-retention capacity. Using these parameters, we calculated (i) predictive estimates for the values of the function of relative hydraulic conductivity; (ii) scanning branches of the hysteretic water-retention capacity; (iii) precise irrigation rate. The hysteresis phenomenon is not typical for the hydraulic conductivity as a function of the volumetric water content in the soil. The original functions of System 3 are recommended for use. The advantages of the proposed method for calculating the precise irrigation rate are shown. The benefit of each system is that the functions forming this system, namely the water-retention capacity and the relative hydraulic conductivity of the soil, have a common set of parameters. For the type of soil considered, in case of using the identical value of pre-irrigation soil moisture (179 [cm3 · cm-3]), both for calculating the precision irrigation rate and according to the “traditional” method, when moistening 50 cm soil layer, the total unproductive water consumption at irrigation rate 555 [m3 · ha-1] can reach 0.029 [cm3 · cm-3] or 140 [m3 · ha-1] in the calculated layer. At the same time, when applying precision standards, an excess of free moisture is not formed. It shows additional opportunities not only to save water during irrigation, especially in arid regions, but also to reduce the leaching of nutrients and agrochemicals outside the calculated soil layer and, accordingly, to reduce the additional environmental load on the surrounding area.

scholarly journals Hydraulic conductivity and water retention in leptosols-regosols and saprolite derived from sandstone, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício de Araújo Pedron ◽  
Jessé Rodrigo Fink ◽  
Miriam Fernanda Rodrigues ◽  
Antonio Carlos de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Aquifer Contamination ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Plant Available Water

Leptosols and Regosols are soils with a series of restrictions for use, mainly related to the effective depth, which have been poorly studied in Brazil. These soils, when derived from sedimentary rocks should be treated with particular care to avoid environmental damage such as aquifer contamination. The purpose of this study was to verify the behavior of hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity in profiles of Leptosols and Regosols derived from sandstone of the Caturrita formation in Rio Grande do Sul state. The morphology, particle size distribution, porosity, soil density (Ds), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), basic water infiltration in the field (BI) and water retention were determined in soil and saprolite samples of six soil profiles. High Ds, low macroporosity and high microporosity were observed in the profiles, resulting in a low Ks and BI, even under conditions of sandy texture and a highly fractured saprolite layer. The variation coefficients of data of Ks and BI were high among the studied profiles and between replications of a same profile. Water retention of the studied soils was higher in Cr layers than in the A horizons and the volume of plant-available water greater and variable among A horizons and Cr layers.

Evaluation of Resistant Starch Quality from Different Types of Banana in Batter Coating Formulation to Reduce Oil Absorption in Fried Food

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Karissha Fritzi Della ◽  
Mutiara Pratiwi ◽  
Purwa Tri Cahyana ◽  
Maria DPT Gunawan-Puteri
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Fried Food ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coating Formulation

Fried food is convenient for many people due to its pleasant texture and taste. On the other hand, it comes with the risk of high oil absorption which might lead to certain health problems. Resistant starch (RS) has been known to have a functionality of reducing oil absorption. Three different types of banana: Kepok (Musa paradisiaca formatypica), Raja Bulu (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Ambon (Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum) were evaluated on its performance when utilized as source of resistant starch especially on their application in reducing oil absorption in fried food. Tempeh was used as the food model. Banana starch (RS2) was isolated through water alkaline extraction process, continued with modification process through three repeated cycles of autoclaving-cooling process to obtain the RS3. RS3 was added into the batter coating formulation at three substitution ratios (10%, 30% and 50%) and then used to coat tempeh before frying. Evaluation of resistant starch in batter and battered productwas conducted on the following parameters: fat content, water retention capacity (WRC), coating pick up and sensory analysis. The result of this study revealed that Raja Bulu showed the most effective result on reducing oil absorption in the food tested. In the three bananas used, the ratio of 50% performed best in coating pick up (highest), WRC (highest) and fat content(lowest) parameters, but not significantly different with the 30% ratio. In terms of sensory acceptance, using Raja Bulu as the selected banana type, 30% of substitution ratio was significantly more preferable by the panelists in crispness, oiliness, and overall acceptance attributes compared to control and other substitution ratios.

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