scholarly journals A Canadian perspective on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and treatment: how prevalent underlying inflammatory disease contributes to pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Derald Willows ◽  
Syed Benazir Alam ◽  
Jagdeep K. Sandhu ◽  
Marianna Kulka
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Canadian Perspective

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a serious respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a global pandemic. Canada reported its first case of COVID-19 on 25th January 2020. By March 2020 the virus had spread within Canadian communities reaching the most frail and vulnerable elderly population in long-term care facilities. The majority of cases were reported in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia and the highest mortality was seen among individuals aged 65 years or older. Canada has the highest prevalence and incidence rates of several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease. Many elderly Canadians also live with comorbid medical illnesses, such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disease and are more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19 with a poor prognosis. It is becoming increasingly evident that underlying inflammatory disease contributes to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Here, we review the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host inflammatory responses that lead to resolution or progression to severe COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss the landscape of COVID-19 therapeutics that are currently in development in Canada.

Nuclear receptor Nur77: its role in chronic inflammatory diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne C. Lith ◽  
Carlie J.M. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Signaling Complex

Abstract Nur77 is a nuclear receptor that has been implicated as a regulator of inflammatory disease. The expression of Nur77 increases upon stimulation of immune cells and is differentially expressed in chronically inflamed organs in human and experimental models. Furthermore, in a variety of animal models dedicated to study inflammatory diseases, changes in Nur77 expression alter disease outcome. The available studies comprise a wealth of information on the function of Nur77 in diverse cell types and tissues. Negative cross-talk of Nur77 with the NFκB signaling complex is an example of Nur77 effector function. An alternative mechanism of action has been established, involving Nur77-mediated modulation of metabolism in macrophages as well as in T cells. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the role of Nur77 in atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sepsis. Detailed insight in the control of inflammatory responses will be essential in order to advance Nur77-targeted therapeutic interventions in inflammatory disease.

scholarly journals The Role of Glucocorticoids in the Management of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Vasileia Ismini Alexaki ◽  
Holger Henneicke
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Frontline Treatment ◽  
Systemic Glucocorticoids ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by an infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a global pandemic and poses an emergency to public health systems worldwide. COVID-19 is highly infectious and is characterized by an acute respiratory illness that varies from mild flu-like symptoms to the life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As such, there is an urgent need for the development of new therapeutic strategies, which combat the high mortality in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Glucocorticoids are a frontline treatment for a diverse range of inflammatory diseases. Due to their immunosuppressive functions, the use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of COVID-19 patients was initially regarded with caution. However, recent studies concluded that the initiation of systemic glucocorticoids in patients suffering from severe and critical COVID-19 is associated with lower mortality. Herein we review the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids and discuss emerging issues in their clinical use in the context of COVID-19.

scholarly journals When Shall Coronavirus Disease-19 Stop? Review of Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. El-Malky ◽  
Waad H. Al-Kathiri ◽  
Azza A. El Nouman
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Future ◽  
Tailored Counseling

In December 2019, a new coronavirus, now labeled as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, induced an episode of acute atypical respiratory illness started in Wuhan, Province of Hubei, China. The illness triggered by this virus was called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The infection is spread within humans and has triggered a global pandemic. The amount of death tolls continues to increase and a growing number of countries have been driven to create social barriers and lock-ups. The shortage of tailored counseling remains an issue. Epidemiological researches have shown that elderly patients are more vulnerable to serious diseases, while children tend to have milder symptoms. Here, we checked the latest understanding of this disease and found a possible explanation of the potential sequel and the expectations for the future.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum Associated with COVID-19 Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Hamza Mimouni ◽  
Soufiane Diyas ◽  
Jamal Ouachaou ◽  
Ilyas Laaribi ◽  
Younes Oujidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Male Patient ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Fourth Case ◽  
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared in December in Wuhan, before becoming a global pandemic in a few weeks. Several complications of this infection have been reported. However, a spontaneous pneumomediastinum has rarely been described. We report the fourth case of this extremely rare complication in a 65-year-old male patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia, discovered during his therapeutic management by a CT scan control.

scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5904
Author(s):  
Muhammad Moazzam ◽  
Muhammad Imran Sajid ◽  
Hamza Shahid ◽  
Jahanzaib Butt ◽  
Irfan Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.

scholarly journals Considerations from the Epicenter of the Coronavirus Emergency

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Fabiola B. Sozzi ◽  
Rakesh Gupta ◽  
Ciro Canetta ◽  
Francesco Blasi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractSince February 21, 2020, Lombardy region in northern Italy has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This region, mainly a flat land with the highest density of population and industry of the country, has become the single deadliest hotspot for the coronavirus on the planet so far. More than 10,000 people have died here, with the national total across the country poised to top 18,000. The World Health Organization (WHO) first declared the Covid-19 respiratory illness unknown before the outbreak reported in Wuhan, China, last December. On January 30, 2020, the WHO denounced the Covid-19 outbreak a global health emergency. Some scientists declared the virus began circulating in Italy at least a month prior to the first case of infection recorded in February.

The relevance of dietetic approach of Ayurveda from the perspective of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 748-752
Author(s):  
Swapnali Khabade ◽  
Bharat Rathi ◽  
Renu Rathi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and spread globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus as a COVID- 19, a global pandemic. This pandemic happened to be followed by some restrictions, and specially lockdown playing the leading role for the people to get disassociated with their personal and social schedules. And now the food is the most necessary thing to take care of. It seems the new challenge for the individual is self-isolation to maintain themselves on the health basis and fight against the pandemic situation by boosting their immunity. Food organised by proper diet may maintain the physical and mental health of the individual. Ayurveda aims to promote and preserve the health, strength and the longevity of the healthy person and to cure the disease by properly channelling with and without Ahara. In Ayurveda, diet (Ahara) is considered as one of the critical pillars of life, and Langhana plays an important role too. This article will review the relevance of dietetic approach described in Ayurveda with and without food (Asthavidhi visheshaytana & Lanhgan) during COVID-19 like a pandemic.

The Immunomodulatory Role of G2013 (α-L-Guluronic Acid) on the Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in HT29 cell line

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Farhang ◽  
Laleh Sharifi ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal ◽  
Mona Moshiri ◽  
Zahra Norouzbabaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ht29 Cells ◽  
Guluronic Acid ◽  
Tlr4 Mrna

Background: The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play crucial role in the controlling of inflammatory diseases. Due to the vast side effects of NSAIDs, its use is limited. G2013 or &amp;#945;-L-Guluronic Acid is a new NSAID with immunomodulatory features. Objectives: Considering the leading role of TLRs in inflammatory responses, in this study, we aimed to evaluate G2013 cytotoxicity and its effect on the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 molecules. Methods: HEK293-TLR2 and HEK293-TLR4 cells were cultured and seeded on 96-well cell plate, and MTT assay was performed for detecting the viability of the cells after treatment with different concentrations of G2013. HT29 cells were grown and treated with low and high doses of G2013. After total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative real-time PCR were performed to assess the TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA synthesis. Results: We found that concentrations of ≤125 &amp;#181;g/ml of G2013 had no apparent cytotoxicity effect on the HEK293-TLR2 and -TLR4 cells. Our results indicated that after G2013 treatment (5 &amp;#181;g/ml) in HT29 cells, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression decreased significantly compared with the untreated control group (p=0.02 and p=0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that G2013 can down regulate the TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression and exerts its inhibitory effect. Our findings are parallel to our previous finding which showed G2013 ability to down regulate the signaling pathway of TLRs. However, further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanism of G2013.<p&gt;

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

Forecast of COVID-19 Cases in Nigeria: An implementation of an ARIMA model (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanyaolu Ameye ◽  
Michael Awoleye ◽  
Emmanuel Agogo ◽  
Ette Etuk
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
Data Points

BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is a global pandemic and Nigeria is not left out in being affected. Though, the disease is just over three months since first case was identified in the country, we present a predictive model to forecast the number of cases expected to be seen in the country in the next 100 days. OBJECTIVE To implement a predictive model in forecasting the near future number of positive cases expected in the country following the present trend METHODS We performed an Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model prediction on the epidemiological data obtained from Nigerian Centre for Disease Control to predict the epidemiological trend of the prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019. RESULTS There were 93 time series data points which lacked stationarity. From our ARIMA model, it is expected that the number of new cases declared per day will keep rising and towards the early September, 2020, Nigeria is expected to have well above sixty thousand confirmed cases. CONCLUSIONS We however believe that as we have more data points our model will be better fine-tuned.

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