Allelopathic interference of chickweed, Stellaria media with seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1317-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit ◽  
KMM Dakshini
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Allelopathic Interference ◽  
Annual Weeds

The question whether or not annual weeds are allelopathic under field conditions is important in assessing the interference potential of annual weed species. Research was conducted to investigate the probable involvement of allelopathy in the interference potential of chickweed, Stellaria media, a polycarpic winter annual weed. Chickweed maintains heterogeneous populations represented by different age-classes under natural conditions. Results indicate that both young and mature growth stages of chickweed contribute water-soluble phenolics to the soil. Soil amended with matured chickweed had a higher phenolic content than weed-infested soils. Both weed-infested and weed-amended soil affect the seedling growth of wheat. Chickweed could be allelopathic also to a crop of the current season under natural conditions, as it contributes water-soluble compounds to its associated soil.Key words: allelopathy, competition, chickweed, phenolics, weed, wheat.

INTERFERENCE OF ALLELOCHEMICALS OF THREE WEED SPECIES IN SEED GERMINATION, SEEDLING GROWTH, UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC IN THREE VARIETIES OF PADDY

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chakravarthy ◽  
K. Sharma ◽  
P.B. Rao ◽  
N. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Polygonum Hydropiper ◽  
Soluble Phenolics

Effect of the extracts of three dominant weed species viz., Phalaris minor Retz., Chenopodium album L. and Polygonum hydropiper L. were examined on the seed germination, seedling growth and nutrient uptake (32p and 65Zn) in Swarna, Jaya and N-359 varieties of paddy (Oryza sativa L.). The maximum reduction in terms of seed germination, radicle and plumule length and total seedling dry weight was caused by P. hydropiper and in terms of radicle and plumule dry weight by C. album. Among the three different varieties irrespective of weed extracts, Swarna was resistant in seed germination, plumule length, radicle, plumule and total seedling dry weight and Jaya was only for radicle length, whereas N-359 was found susceptible in length and total seedling dry weight. The allelochemicals also interfered in gradual decrease in uptake of both 32P and 65Zn with increasing concentration of the chosen three weed extracts, both in root and shoot. Among the three varieties of paddy, Jaya was susceptible for 32P but resistant for 65Zn whereas N-359 was resistant for both the ions. Water soluble phenolics such as gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic and vanillic acids were identified from these extracts. The inhibition may be due to these phenolics and other unidentified secondary metabolites in weed extracts. Key words: Germination, nutrient uptake, paddy, phenolics, seedling growth, weed extracts. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

Phytotoxic evaluation of Phragmites australis: an investigation of aqueous extracts of different organs

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md N. Uddin ◽  
Domenico Caridi ◽  
Randall W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Leaf Leachate ◽  
Allelopathic Interference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Germination Bioassays

Phragmites australis is one of the most widespread and invasive plants on earth. Allelopathic interference has been considered as a possible way associated with its invasiveness in wetlands. A series of ecologically realistic experiments was conducted to explore allelochemical phytotoxicity of Phragmites. Germination bioassays using aqueous extracts of different organs (leaf, stem, root and rhizome) of Phragmites were tested with model seeds (Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus) and associated plant species (Juncus pallidus and Rumex conglomeratus). These studies showed that leaf and rhizome extracts exhibited strong inhibition on germination, biometric and physiological parameters (all P ≤ 0.001). Dose–response studies confirmed LC50 (4.68% and 11.25%) of Lactuca for leaf and rhizome extracts respectively. Root growth of Juncus and Rumex was inhibited by 75% and 30%, respectively, in leaf leachate-incorporated soil. Chlorophyll content and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) were significantly reduced with leaf and rhizome leachates. The stability and quantity of water-soluble phenolics in anaerobic versus aerobic condition may influence phytotoxic effects to other species. Phragmites organs can be ranked in order of allelopathic potentiality as follows: leaf > rhizome > root > stem. The present study highlighted the potential impacts of allelochemicals on plant recruitment in wetlands invaded by Phragmites.

scholarly journals Response of Annual Weeds to Glyphosate: Evaluation and Optimization of Application Rate Based on Fecundity-Avoidance Biomass Threshold Criterion

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 851
Author(s):  
Eduardo S Leguizamon ◽  
German Ferrari ◽  
Martin M Williams ◽  
Nilda R Burgos ◽  
Ilias Travlos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Threshold Criterion ◽  
Rate Optimization ◽  
Annual Weeds

The increased availability and high adoption rate of glyphosate-tolerant crops have selected for several glyphosate-resistant weed species. The response of representative weed species to glyphosate was assessed to provide insights and tools for optimizing glyphosate use for economic, agronomic and environmental reasons. Anoda cristata, Chenopodium album, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica and Portulaca oleracea were grown outdoors in pots containing commercial potting medium. An increasing dose of glyphosate was applied to these species at three growth stages. Weed response was evaluated visually compared to the nontreated control and shoot dry weights were recorded. Fecundity was also determined. Based on visual evaluations, the dose of glyphosate required to attain 90% control of the species tested exhibited an application rate margin up to 28.5-fold compared to recommended rate, denoting a potential for rate optimization. Except for A. cristata, the recommended dose of glyphosate could be reduced by 30%–60% and still achieve 90% or greater control. The order of species sensitivity, based on effective dose 50 (ED50 )values, was E. indica > C. album > D. sanguinalis > P. oleracea > A. cristata. The ratio of ED90/ED50 was constant, indicating that increasing the glyphosate dose 8.7-fold would reduce weed biomass 1.8-fold. In most cases, the fecundity-avoidance biomass threshold (i.e., the maximum allowable weed biomass for herbicide application in order to prevent weed seed production and dispersal) for glyphosate was below the ED90 value. Complimentary measures such as fecundity-avoidance biomass threshold will improve herbicide evaluation procedures and preserve the effectiveness of herbicides, including glyphosate, on sensitive species, an important issue particularly when action to reduce herbicide resistance development is highly required.

Multifaceted approach to determine rice straw phytotoxicity

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit ◽  
Dhiraj S Rawat ◽  
Chester L Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Maximum Inhibition

Unharvested rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw gets incorporated into soil and interferes with the growth of the next season's crop. Water-soluble phenolics leached from straw into soil may suppress the growth of the next crop. A study was carried out to investigate (i) the effect of soil treated with rice straw (ashes of burned and unburned) leachates on seedling growth and foliar protein content of mustard (Brassica napus var. toria L.), (ii) the modification of rice straw phytotoxicity with abiotic soil, activated charcoal, and nitrogen solution, and (iii) any change in soil inorganic ions and phenolics after treatment with rice straw leachate. Maximum inhibition in root growth of mustard was observed when it was grown in soil treated with leachate prepared by using 100 g of unburned (71.1%, expt. 1; 60.2%, expt. 2) and ashes of burned straw (53.4%, expt. 1; 31.5%, expt. 2). Compared with the untreated control, an increase was observed in the total phenolic content of soil treated with straw leachate, prepared by taking 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 g unburned straw. When soils were treated with leachate prepared by taking 100, 80, and 60 g straw, a lower level of inhibition was observed in abiotic soil compared with biotic soil. An opposite trend was observed when soil was treated with leachate prepared by taking 40 and 20 g straw. The addition of charcoal eliminated the inhibitory effects of rice straw leachate when leachates were prepared using 40 and 20 g straw. Inhibitory effects of soil treated with leachate prepared from 100 g straw on root growth of mustard were not eliminated after the addition of nitrogen solution. The present study showed that rice straw leachate interferes with seedling growth of mustard and that water-soluble phenolics play an important role in mustard seedling growth inhibition.Key words: allelopathy, rice straw, rice, mustard, phenolics.

Volatile Monoterpenes as Potential Parent Structures for New Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven F. Vaughn ◽  
Gayland F. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Germination And Growth

Eighteen volatile monoterpenes, which are among the major constituents of essential oils from plants, were screened for phytotoxicity to several crop and weed species. Several monoterpenes containing an oxygen function severely inhibited germination of four different annual weeds while concurrently displaying little effect on soybean germination. Soybeans varied in their sensitivity to various monoterpenes (measured by seedling growth), with α-terpineol and geraniol selectivity inhibiting weed seed germination while having little or no effect on soybeans. All of the monoterpenes tested exhibited relatively high germination and growth inhibition to corn and wheat.

scholarly journals The role of the growth stage of weeds in their response to reduced herbicide doses

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Kieloch ◽  
Krzysztof Domaradzki
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
State Research Institute ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Anthemis Arvensis

The influence of weed growth stage on the efficacy of selected herbicides applied at reduced doses was investigated under pot experiments at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Wrocław. Three weed species were used as tested plants: <i>Anthemis arvensis</i> L., <i>Chenopodium album</i> L. and <i>Stellaria media</i> L., which were sprayed at different growth stages: 2-4, 6-8, and 10-12 leaves. The experiment included the following herbicides: tribenuron-methyl, iodosulfuron methyl sodium + amidosulfuron, and metribuzin + amidosulfuron, used at full doses and reduced by 25 and 50%. Three weeks after treatment, fresh weight of weeds was determined. Weed control was significantly related to weed species, growth stage, type of herbicide and its dose. Among the tested weed species, <i>S. media</i> showed the weakest reaction to the herbicides used and it was only slightly affected by herbicide rate and growth stage. Later herbicide treatments, when the weeds reached the stage of 6-8 and 10-12 leaves, resulted in diversification at the level of herbicide effects and doses.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicides on the Management of the Invasive Weed Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Jackline Abu-Nassar ◽  
Maor Matzrafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Late Growth

Solanum rostratum Dunal is an invasive weed species that invaded Israel in the 1950s. The weed appears in several germination flashes, from early spring until late summer. Recently, an increase in its distribution range was observed, alongside the identification of new populations in the northern part of Israel. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide application for the control of S. rostratum using two field populations originated from the Golan Heights and the Jezreel Valley. While minor differences in herbicide efficacy were recorded between populations, plant growth stage had a significant effect on herbicide response. Carfentrazone-ethyl was found to be highly effective in controlling plants at both early and late growth stages. Metribuzin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and tembutrione showed reduced efficacy when applied at later growth stage (8–9 cm height), as compared to the application at an early growth stage (4–5 cm height). Tank mixes of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen with different concentrations of surfactant improved later growth stage plant control. Taken together, our study highlights several herbicides that can improve weed control and may be used as chemical solutions alongside diversified crop rotation options. Thus, they may aid in preventing the spread and further buildup of S. rostratum field populations.

scholarly journals Effects of exogenous silicon on maize seed germination and seedling growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yankun Sun ◽  
Jiaqi Xu ◽  
Xiangyang Miao ◽  
Xuesong Lin ◽  
Wanzhen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System

AbstractAs the global population continues to increase, global food production needs to double by 2050 to meet the demand. Given the current status of the not expansion of cultivated land area, agronomic seedlings are complete, well-formed and strong, which is the basis of high crop yields. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of seed germination and seedling growth in response to silicon (from water-soluble Si fertilizer). The effects of Si on the maize germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll contents, osmoprotectant contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant contents and stomatal characteristics were studied by soaking Xianyu 335 in solutions of different concentrations of Si (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g·L−1). In this study, Si treatments significantly increased the seed germination and per-plant dry weight of seedlings (P < 0.05), and the optimal concentration was 15 g·L−1. As a result of the Si treatment of the seeds, the chlorophyll content, osmotic material accumulation and antioxidant defence system activity increased, reducing membrane system damage, reactive oxygen species contents, and stomatal aperture. The results suggested that 15 g·L−1 Si significantly stimulated seed germination and promoted the growth of maize seedlings, laying a solid foundation for subsequent maize growth.

scholarly journals Absorption and Elimination of the Allelochemical MBOA by Weeds during Seedling Growth

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Alberto Oliveros-Bastidas ◽  
José M. G. Molinillo ◽  
Francisco A. Macias ◽  
Nuria Chinchilla
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Xenobiotic Compound

6-Methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) is an allelochemical that is found in Poaceae and is generally associated with monocotyledon species. This compound is formed from the glycosylated form of 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (Gly-DIMBOA) by a two-stage degradation process. The MBOA detoxification capacity of two weed species, namely Echinochloa crus-galli and Lolium rigidum, and a resistant biotype of Lolium rigidum (SLR31) was studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. The product of metabolism is similar for both weed species. This finding indicates that these weeds probably metabolize xenobiotics by an identical route, since the product detected was the same in both cases. Kinetic studies on the absorption and translocation to the shoot showed differences in these processes depending on the species. The analysis of treated plants, which were subsequently transplanted to a growth medium without xenobiotic compound, showed that the weeds studied are capable of transmitting the previously absorbed compound to the medium by root exudation. The results show that this process is another defense mechanism of plants facing external threats.

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