Multifaceted approach to determine rice straw phytotoxicity

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit ◽  
Dhiraj S Rawat ◽  
Chester L Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Maximum Inhibition

Unharvested rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw gets incorporated into soil and interferes with the growth of the next season's crop. Water-soluble phenolics leached from straw into soil may suppress the growth of the next crop. A study was carried out to investigate (i) the effect of soil treated with rice straw (ashes of burned and unburned) leachates on seedling growth and foliar protein content of mustard (Brassica napus var. toria L.), (ii) the modification of rice straw phytotoxicity with abiotic soil, activated charcoal, and nitrogen solution, and (iii) any change in soil inorganic ions and phenolics after treatment with rice straw leachate. Maximum inhibition in root growth of mustard was observed when it was grown in soil treated with leachate prepared by using 100 g of unburned (71.1%, expt. 1; 60.2%, expt. 2) and ashes of burned straw (53.4%, expt. 1; 31.5%, expt. 2). Compared with the untreated control, an increase was observed in the total phenolic content of soil treated with straw leachate, prepared by taking 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 g unburned straw. When soils were treated with leachate prepared by taking 100, 80, and 60 g straw, a lower level of inhibition was observed in abiotic soil compared with biotic soil. An opposite trend was observed when soil was treated with leachate prepared by taking 40 and 20 g straw. The addition of charcoal eliminated the inhibitory effects of rice straw leachate when leachates were prepared using 40 and 20 g straw. Inhibitory effects of soil treated with leachate prepared from 100 g straw on root growth of mustard were not eliminated after the addition of nitrogen solution. The present study showed that rice straw leachate interferes with seedling growth of mustard and that water-soluble phenolics play an important role in mustard seedling growth inhibition.Key words: allelopathy, rice straw, rice, mustard, phenolics.

INTERFERENCE OF ALLELOCHEMICALS OF THREE WEED SPECIES IN SEED GERMINATION, SEEDLING GROWTH, UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC IN THREE VARIETIES OF PADDY

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chakravarthy ◽  
K. Sharma ◽  
P.B. Rao ◽  
N. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Polygonum Hydropiper ◽  
Soluble Phenolics

Effect of the extracts of three dominant weed species viz., Phalaris minor Retz., Chenopodium album L. and Polygonum hydropiper L. were examined on the seed germination, seedling growth and nutrient uptake (32p and 65Zn) in Swarna, Jaya and N-359 varieties of paddy (Oryza sativa L.). The maximum reduction in terms of seed germination, radicle and plumule length and total seedling dry weight was caused by P. hydropiper and in terms of radicle and plumule dry weight by C. album. Among the three different varieties irrespective of weed extracts, Swarna was resistant in seed germination, plumule length, radicle, plumule and total seedling dry weight and Jaya was only for radicle length, whereas N-359 was found susceptible in length and total seedling dry weight. The allelochemicals also interfered in gradual decrease in uptake of both 32P and 65Zn with increasing concentration of the chosen three weed extracts, both in root and shoot. Among the three varieties of paddy, Jaya was susceptible for 32P but resistant for 65Zn whereas N-359 was resistant for both the ions. Water soluble phenolics such as gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic and vanillic acids were identified from these extracts. The inhibition may be due to these phenolics and other unidentified secondary metabolites in weed extracts. Key words: Germination, nutrient uptake, paddy, phenolics, seedling growth, weed extracts. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

scholarly journals Allelopathic effects of Rhynchosia capitata on germination and seedling growth of mungbean

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Ali ◽  
A. Tanveer ◽  
M.A. Nadeem ◽  
M.M. Javaid ◽  
M.S. Kashif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Vigour Index

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic influence of Rhynchosia capitata on germination and seedling growth of mungbean (Vigna radiate) along with identification of the phytotoxic substances responsible for this activity. Water extracts of root, shoot, leaf, fruit and whole plant were prepared by soaking them in water in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h. All the extracts affected germination and seedling growth of mungbean, but higher inhibition was seen with R. capitata leaf water extracts. A linear decrease in the germination characteristics of mungbean was observed with the decrease in the concentration of leaf extract from 5% to 1%. The soil-incorporated residues (1-4% w/w) of R. capitata stimulated the growth of root and hypocotyl at low concentrations, while it inhibited their growth at higher concentrations. Rhynchosia capitata soil-incorporated residues (4% w/w) significantly reduced the seedling vigour index of mungbean in addition to their significant effect on total germination. A significant amount of water-soluble phenolic acids were found in R. capitata plant extracts. The content of total phenolic acids was higher in the leaf extract compared to that of the stem, fruit or root extracts. Two phenolic acids including vanillic acid and 4‑(hydroxymethyl) benzoic acid were found in R. capitata leaf extracts.

The nature of interference potential of Kalmiaangustifolia

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit Inderjit ◽  
A.U. Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Rule Out

The nature of interference potential of Kalmiaangustifolia L., a boreal forest understorey shrub, was investigated in laboratory experiments. Organic and mineral soils, not previously associated with Kalmia, were amended with different quantities of its leaf litter and leaf litter leachates. The objectives of the study were (i) to determine changes in soil chemistry after amending with Kalmia and (ii) to determine the effect of amendment on growth of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings. All soils were analyzed for pH, organic matter, PO4−, N, Ba, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Al, and total phenolics. Chemical characteristics of both organic and mineral soils were significantly changed. Water-soluble phenolics in one of the amended organic soils were significantly higher than in unamended organic soil. However, all of the amended mineral soils had significantly higher total phenolic contents than unamended control soils. A linear decrease in N content was observed in amended organic and mineral soils with increasing quantities of Kalmia leaf litter. Amended mineral soils had higher concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al, and PO4− than the control. We relate higher accumulations of PO4−, Fe, Mn, and Al in amended mineral soils to higher soil phenolic contents. Amendment of organic and mineral soils significantly reduced the root and shoot growth of black spruce. This study demonstrates that Kalmia has potential for nutrient interference and does not rule out allelopathic effects of Kalmia to black spruce seedling growth.

scholarly journals Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3407
Author(s):  
Wei Song ◽  
Yanrong He ◽  
Yuzhang Wu ◽  
Wei Qu
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Network Chain ◽  
The Difference

Crop residue burning is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM) in the air. The burning behaviors and PM emissions of the three typical crop residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw) in China were characterized by a cone calorimeter (CONE) coupled with a laser dust meter. The water-soluble compounds, carbonaceous content, and morphology of PM were measured by ion chromatography, elemental analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that thermal stability of corn straw was the worst among the three crop straws. The heat release rate (HRR) curves of the three crop straws were the typical curves of thermally thick charring (residue forming) samples. Wheat straw had the highest smoke yield, which was 2.9 times that of rice straw. The PM emission factor of wheat straw was 180.91 µg/g, which was about three times that of rice straw. The contents of K+, Na+, and Cl− in PM were significantly higher than those of the other six water-soluble inorganic ions. The ratio of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC/EC) ranged from 14.82 to 30.82, which was similar to the results of open burning. There were mainly three kinds of aggregates in the PM of crop straws: network, chain-like, and soot. Individual particles were mixtures of KCl and organic matters. Core-shell structures were found in PM of rice straw and corn straw. The results in this study were provided based on CONE, an ISO-standard apparatus, which could avoid data conflicts caused by the difference of combustion devices. The relationship between the burning behavior and PM emission characteristics of crop straws was established, which is helpful to understand emissions of crop straws and to find a novel way to solve the problems from the burning of crop residues.

Allelopathic interference of chickweed, Stellaria media with seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1317-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit ◽  
KMM Dakshini
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Allelopathic Interference ◽  
Annual Weeds

The question whether or not annual weeds are allelopathic under field conditions is important in assessing the interference potential of annual weed species. Research was conducted to investigate the probable involvement of allelopathy in the interference potential of chickweed, Stellaria media, a polycarpic winter annual weed. Chickweed maintains heterogeneous populations represented by different age-classes under natural conditions. Results indicate that both young and mature growth stages of chickweed contribute water-soluble phenolics to the soil. Soil amended with matured chickweed had a higher phenolic content than weed-infested soils. Both weed-infested and weed-amended soil affect the seedling growth of wheat. Chickweed could be allelopathic also to a crop of the current season under natural conditions, as it contributes water-soluble compounds to its associated soil.Key words: allelopathy, competition, chickweed, phenolics, weed, wheat.

Inhibitory effects of water soluble leaf leachates from Dittrichia viscosa on lettuce root growth, statocyte development and graviperception

Flora ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.f.i. Levizou ◽  
Panagiota Karageorgou ◽  
George K. Psaras ◽  
Yiannis Manetas
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Dittrichia Viscosa

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

Inhibitory effects of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J Jang ◽  
K.R. Kim ◽  
Y.B. Yun ◽  
S.S. Kim ◽  
Y.I Kuk
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Inhibitory Effects
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