Changes in leaf structure in relation to crown position and tree size of Betula papyrifera within fire-origin stands of interior cedar-hemlock

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1180-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Mark S. Ashton ◽  
Lydia P Olander ◽  
Graeme P Berlyn ◽  
Rajesh Thadani ◽  
Ian R Cameron
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
Large Trees

Dimensions of anatomical and morphological attributes of leaves can influence physiological response to changes in environment over time. Linking structural attributes of leaves to crown position and tree size within naturally developing cohorts of trees can provide a clearer understanding of changes in crown morphology for a species. This study examined leaf anatomy and morphology of Betula papyrifera Marsh. growing in two stages of stand development of interior cedar-hemlock forest, northern British Columbia. Anatomical and morphological measurements of leaves located at six different positions within the crown were made on trees selected from stands that originated 15 years (small tree size) and 145 years (large tree size) after catastrophic fire. Leaf area and mass were measured in the field. Microscopic measures were made in the laboratory of thicknesses of leaves, cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, palisade, and spongy mesophyll. Stomatal density and stomatal aperture lengths were also determined. Leaf anatomy and morphology varied significantly with position in the crown and among size-classes of trees. Changes in leaf anatomy observed among positions within the crown reflect the changing availability of light and moisture experienced during crown development. For both size-classes of tree the largest anatomical dimensions of leaves were at the outer and uppermost parts of the crown, whilst the smallest were at the lower and innermost parts. Foliage of large trees (145 years) exhibit leaf attributes characteristic of the sun-shade dichotomy reported in the literature, but this was not shown for foliage of young saplings (15 years). For the small trees (15 years) the largest leaves were located at the top of the crown while the smallest were located at the bottom. This has been reported for many tropical pioneers but is in contrast to the usual sun-shade dichotomy of temperate pioneers. The large trees (145 years) followed the typical pattern with the smallest leaves at the top of the crown. Information from this study contributes to our understanding of foliar development of tree crowns by demonstrating how leaf structure changes with crown position and tree size under stand competition.Key words: Betula papyrifera, British Columbia, crown development, cuticle thickness, leaf area, palisade mesophyll, paper birch, stand dynamics.

Change in leaf structure in relation to crown position and size class for tree species within a Sri Lankan tropical rain forest

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A.K.A.K. Panditharathna ◽  
B. M.P. Singhakumara ◽  
H. P. Griscom ◽  
M. S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
Closed Canopy

The purpose of our study was to examine change in leaf structure (anatomy and morphology) through different phases of tree size and crown position within a Sri Lankan rain forest. We selected four late-successional canopy species that represented dominant genera ( Shorea , Mesua ) within an Asian tropical rain forest. All are considered shade-tolerant and capable of growing to maturity beneath closed-canopy late-successional forests. Species within each genus were either restricted to seepages and bottom slopes (valley species) or to upper slopes and ridges (ridge species). The size classes represented (i) seedlings, (ii) saplings, (iii) poles growing beneath closed-canopy conditions, and (iv) trees of the rain forest canopy. Between size classes, leaves were thicker and with higher stomatal densities for canopy trees than for seedling, sapling, and pole size classes. Plasticities for measures of leaf structure were greater for ridge species than valley species; except for cuticle thickness, which showed the opposite trend (valley > ridge). Area, length, and width of leaves attained maxima for the sapling size class for all species. Drip-tip lengths were greatest for seedlings of all species, and least for canopy trees. Trends in leaf structure and morphology dimensions across size classes for late-successional canopy tree species are the same as those trends reported between rain forest species of different habitat strata (e.g., understory shrubs versus upper canopy trees). Our results suggest leaf dimensions could provide robust measures of environment, irrespective of species, or size class of tree.

Changes in leaf structure in relation to crown position and tree size of Betula papyrifera within fire-origin stands of interior cedar-hemlock

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1180-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mark S. Ashton ◽  
Lydia P. Olander ◽  
Graeme P. Berlyn ◽  
Rajesh Thadani ◽  
Ian R. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Tree Size ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
Fire Origin

CO2 × Nitrogen Interaction on Seedling Growth of Four Species of Eucalypt.

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Wong ◽  
PE Kriedemann ◽  
GD Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Co2 Effects ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Large Trees

Four eucalypt species were selected to represent two ecologically disparate groups which would be expected to contrast in seedling vigour and in the nature of growth responses to CO2 × nitrogen supply. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. cypellocarpa were taken as examples of fast-growing species with a wide distribution, that develop into large trees. By contrast, E. pauciflora and E. pulverulenta become smaller trees, and show a more limited distribution. Seedlings were established in pots (5 L) of a loamy soil and supplied with nutrient solution containing either 1.2 or 6.0 mM NO3- in both ambient (33 Pa) and CO2-enriched (66 Pa) greenhouses. Analysis of growth response to treatments (2 × 2 factorial) was based on destructive harvest of plants sampled on four occasions over 84 days for E. carnaldulensis and E. cypellocarpa, and 100 days for E. pulverulenta and E. pauciflora. A positive CO2 × N interaction on plant dry mass and leaf area was expressed in all species throughout the study period. In E. carnaldulensis and E. cypellocarpa, plant mass was doubled by high N at 33 Pa CO2, compared with a three to four-fold increase at 66 Pa to reach 34g by final harvest. In E. pulverulenta and E. pauciflora, slower growth resulted in about 50% less mass at a given age, but relative increases due to CO2 and N were of a similar order. A distinction can be made between N and CO2 effects on growth processes as follows. When trees were grown on low N, elevated CO2 increased nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) at both leaf and whole plant levels. On high N, leaf NUE was increased in E. camaldulensis and E. cypellocarpa, but decreased in E. pulverulenta and E. pauciflora. Whole plant NUE showed no consistent response to elevated CO2 when plants were supplied high N. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was increased by elevated CO2 in all species on either N treatment. Moreover, high N increased NAR under either CO2 treatment in all species. There was a positive N × CO2 interaction on NAR in E. carnaldulensis and E. cypellocarpa, but not in E. pulverulenta and E. pauciflora. Growth indices for E. carnaldulensis and E. cypellocarpa species, and especially E. carnaldulensis, generally exceeded those for E. pulverulenta and E. pauciflora in terms of NAR, leaf NUE, N-enhancement of CO2 effects on leaf area and biomass, and non-structural carbohydrate content of foliage.

scholarly journals Effects of microhabitat on leaf traits in Digitalis grandiflora L. (Veronicaceae) growing at forest edge and interior

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-627
Author(s):  
J. Kołodziejek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Forest Interior ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shade Leaves

The morphological, anatomical and biochemical traits of the leaves of yellow foxglove (Digitalis grandiflora Mill.) from two microhabitats, forest interior (full shade under oak canopy) and forest edge (half shade near shrubs), were studied. The microhabitats differed in the mean levels of available light, but did not differ in soil moisture. The mean level of light in the forest edge microhabitat was significantly higher than in the forest interior. Multivariate ANOVA was used to test the effects of microhabitat. Comparison of the available light with soil moisture revealed that both factors significantly influenced the morphological and anatomical variables of D. grandiflora. Leaf area, mass, leaf mass per area (LMA), surface area per unit dry mass (SLA), density and thickness varied greatly between leaves exposed to different light regimes. Leaves that developed in the shade were larger and thinner and had a greater SLA than those that developed in the half shade. In contrast, at higher light irradiances, at the forest edge, leaves tended to be thicker, with higher LMA and density. Stomatal density was higher in the half-shade leaves than in the full-shade ones. LMA was correlated with leaf area and mass and to a lesser extent with thickness and density in the forest edge microsite. The considerable variations in leaf density and thickness recorded here confirm the very high variation in cell size and amounts of structural tissue within species. The leaf plasticity index (PI) was the highest for the morphological leaf traits as compared to the anatomical and biochemical ones. The nitrogen content was higher in the ?half-shade leaves? than in the ?shade leaves?. Denser leaves corresponded to lower nitrogen (N) contents. The leaves of plants from the forest edge had more potassium (K) than leaves of plants from the forest interior on an area basis but not on a dry mass basis; the reverse was true for phosphorus.

scholarly journals Morphophysiological responses of Billbergia zebrina Lindl. (Bromeliaceae) in function of types and concentrations of carbohydrates during conventional in vitro culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizangela Rodrigues Santos ◽  
João Paulo Rodrigues Martins ◽  
Luiz Carlos de Almeida Rodrigues ◽  
Andreia Barcelos Passos Lima Gontijo ◽  
Antelmo Ralph Falqueto
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Fluorescence Transient ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence Transient ◽  
Concentration Interval

Abstract When propagated in vitro, explants receive all the nutrients needed for their growth, including carbohydrates, from the culture medium. However, it is not well understood how the type and concentration of carbohydrates can affect the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus (particularly photosystem II) of these plants. The aim was to assess the morphophysiological responses of Billbergia zebrina plants in function of sources and concentrations of carbohydrates during in vitro culture. Side shoots of plants previously established in vitro were individualized and transferred to a culture medium containing fructose, glucose or sucrose in four concentrations (0, 15, 30 or 45 g L−1). After growth for 55 days, the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, leaf anatomy and growth were analyzed. The concentration and type of carbohydrate employed during in vitro culture did not decrease the photosynthetic apparatus performance. However, concentrations above 30 g L−1 led to anatomical modifications, revealing some degree of stress suffered by the plants. When grown in concentrations of 15 and 30 g L−1, irrespective of the carbohydrate used, the plants presented greater stomatal density. The supplementation of the culture medium with monosaccharides caused alterations in the development of the xylem vessels, such as increased number and diameter, allowing adjustment to the microenvironmental conditions. The in vitro conditions influenced the photosynthetic and anatomical responses of plants. The concentration interval from 15 to 30 g L−1 sucrose had a better effect by not causing large changes in the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and anatomy of plants.

Stomatal Development During Leaf Expansion in Tobacco and Sunflower

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
CL Craven
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Different Levels

Changes in stomatal density and size were followed in tobacco and sunflower leaves expanding from 10% of final area (10% Amax) to Amax under different levels of radiation. Lower radiation increased final leaf area, reduced stomatal densities, and increased area per stoma but had little effect on stomatal area per unit leaf area at Amax. In very young leaves (20% Amax) there was a wide range in the sizes of individual stomata, some stomata being close to full size, but by Amax differences were small. The possible relationship between the developmental patterns described and photosynthesis is briefly discussed.

Using Hemispherical Photography to Determine Leaf Area Index of Landscape Trees in Urban Green Space of Dongguan, South China

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 4034-4038
Author(s):  
Luo Jian Mo ◽  
Wen Bin Li ◽  
Yong Chang Ye ◽  
Yong Wen Zhou ◽  
Song Song Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hemispherical Photography ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Landscape Trees

Transect sampling method was used to measure structural attributes of landscape trees in urban green space of three city parks and one residential greenbelt in Dongguan. Leaf area index (LAI) of the landscape trees in each urban green space was determined using hemispherical photography. Average DBH (diameter at the breast height) and CW(crown width) in Wenhua Square were the largest due to the presence of heritage large trees, while the landscape trees were species diverse in Renmin Park. A comparison of LAI in the green space gave a result in descending order: Renmin Park > Wenhua Square > Jinhuwan greenbelt > Yuanmei Park. The case of Renmin Park indicated that when a green space consisted of various structural attributes, landscape trees in different growth stages tended to have large LAI. Findings of our study suggested that a diversity of trees with potentially different LAI should be selected when planning urban green space.

Seed-source variation in water relations, gas exchange, and needle morphology of mature ponderosa pine trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert M. Cregg
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Needle Morphology

Xylem pressure potential (ψx), net photosynthesis (A), needle conductance (gn), and transpiration (E) were measured periodically throughout the 1991 growing season on 16 ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) trees growing in a 23-year-old provenance planting in eastern Nebraska. The trees studied were from four diverse sources: western Montana, northwest South Dakota, southern New Mexico, and central Arizona. In addition to water relations and gas exchange, specific leaf area, stomatal density, and surface to volume ratios were determined on 1-year-old foliage of each tree. Compared with the other seed sources, gas exchange of the South Dakota source was lowest early in the summer, when ψx was generally high, and highest in the late summer, when ψx declined. However, the relation of gn to ψx did not appear to differ among the seed sources. The South Dakota source had lower stomatal density and needle length than the other sources tested. No differences in specific leaf area or surface to volume ratio were observed. Overall, variation in physiology and needle morphology among seed sources of mature ponderosa pine appears to be more subtle than intraspecific variation of seedlings of other species reported in the literature.

A procedure for standardizing comparative leaf anatomy in the Poaceae. I. The leaf-blade as viewed in transverse section

Bothalia ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Taxonomic Importance

Descriptive “keys”, including definitions and diagrams, for standardizing and simplifying the description of grass leaf structure as seen in transverse section are given. Over 500 characters are included with the possibility for expansion to 999. Notes on variation and taxonomic importance of the characters are also included.

scholarly journals Wood Changes in Four Size Classes of Fire-Killed Western Larch

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Marcus B. Jackson ◽  
Beverly M. Bulaon ◽  
Michael A. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Size Class ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Decay Wood ◽  
Large Trees

Abstract Four size classes (8–12, 12.1–16, 16.1–20, and 20.1+ in. dbh) of fire-killed western larch (Larix occidentalis) were monitored and dissected over a 5-year period to assess causes and rates ofpostfire wood changes. Defect and merchantable volume were assessed by a certified scaler during the first 3 years. A greater proportion of wood volume in small trees was affected by decay, wood borers, and checks than in the large trees. Half of the 8‐12 in. dbh size class wood volumewas lost to postfire defects, whereas less than 15% of the 20.1+ in. dbh size class wood volume was lost to postfire defects after 3 years.

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