Seed-source variation in water relations, gas exchange, and needle morphology of mature ponderosa pine trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert M. Cregg
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Needle Morphology

Xylem pressure potential (ψx), net photosynthesis (A), needle conductance (gn), and transpiration (E) were measured periodically throughout the 1991 growing season on 16 ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) trees growing in a 23-year-old provenance planting in eastern Nebraska. The trees studied were from four diverse sources: western Montana, northwest South Dakota, southern New Mexico, and central Arizona. In addition to water relations and gas exchange, specific leaf area, stomatal density, and surface to volume ratios were determined on 1-year-old foliage of each tree. Compared with the other seed sources, gas exchange of the South Dakota source was lowest early in the summer, when ψx was generally high, and highest in the late summer, when ψx declined. However, the relation of gn to ψx did not appear to differ among the seed sources. The South Dakota source had lower stomatal density and needle length than the other sources tested. No differences in specific leaf area or surface to volume ratio were observed. Overall, variation in physiology and needle morphology among seed sources of mature ponderosa pine appears to be more subtle than intraspecific variation of seedlings of other species reported in the literature.

Foliage height influences specific leaf area of three conifer species

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Marshall ◽  
Robert A Monserud
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Northern Idaho

Specific leaf area (SLA), the ratio of projected leaf area to leaf dry mass, is a critical parameter in many forest process models. SLA describes the efficiency with which the leaf captures light relative to the biomass invested in the leaf. It increases from top to bottom of a canopy, but it is unclear why. We sampled stands with low and elevated canopies (young and old stands) to determine whether SLA is related to water potential, as inferred from branch height and length, or shade, as inferred from branch position relative to the rest of the canopy, or both. We studied western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.), and interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca) in northern Idaho. SLA decreased with branch height (P < 0.0001) at rates that varied among species (P < 0.0001). Branch length had no influence on SLA (P = 0.85). We detected no differences with canopy elevation (P = 0.90), but the slopes of lines relating SLA to branch height may have differed between the canopy elevation classes (P = 0.039). The results are consistent with predictions based on the hypothesis that SLA decreases as the gravitational component of water potential falls. The lack of a strong shading effect simplifies the estimation of canopy SLA for process models, requiring only species and branch heights.

C3-species Calotropis procera increase specific leaf area and decrease stomatal pore size, alleviating gas exchange under drought and salinity

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adglecianne S. Melo ◽  
Tamires S. Yule ◽  
Vanessa A. Barros ◽  
Rebeca Rivas ◽  
Mauro G. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
C3 Species

scholarly journals Evaluation of Ponderosa Pine Seed Sources for Windbreaks in the Central Great Plains of the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
Wayne Geyer ◽  
Peter Schaefer ◽  
Keith Lynch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
South Central ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central South

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) has been planted widely in the Great Plains of the United States for windbreaks. Recommendations based on a 1968 study were to use material from south central South Dakota and north central Nebraska. A second test to further delineate seed sources (provenances) in this region was established in 1986. This paper reports results for survival, height, diameter, and D2H measurements in both Kansas and South Dakota, after 15 years. Results identify a wide range of suitable geographic provenances within the two-state region. A majority of the tested sources performed well in both states, thus verifying the original recommendations.

Variation in seedling budburst phenology and structural traits among southwestern ponderosa pine provenances

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 872-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalap Dixit ◽  
Thomas Kolb
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Shoot:Root Ratio ◽  
Structural Traits ◽  
Budburst Phenology

We used a common garden study to investigate genetic variation in spring budburst phenology, growth, and structural traits of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) seedlings from 10 provenances of different elevations in Arizona and New Mexico, United States. Seedlings were grown with ample resources for two growing seasons in a greenhouse in northern Arizona. Budburst date was measured at the onset of the second growing season; seedling growth, biomass, biomass ratios (shoot:root ratio, root mass ratio, stem mass ratio, and leaf mass ratio), and specific leaf area were measured at the end of the second season. Low-elevation provenances (<2000 m) had earlier budburst and lower specific leaf area than middle- (2000–2500 m) and high-elevation (>2500 m) provenances. Height, leaf length, biomass, and biomass ratios were similar for elevational groups. Total biomass was positively correlated (r = 0.824) with provenance mean annual precipitation. Shoot:root ratio was positively correlated (r = 0.652) with longitude. Results suggest adaptation of low-elevation provenances to warm spring temperatures (early budburst) and aridity (low specific leaf area), inherently faster growth of provenances from wet locations, and greater allocation to shoots in eastern provenances. Such information about geographic patterns of genetic variation may be useful for selecting seed sources for planting in a changing climate.

scholarly journals Effect of Fruiting and Biennial Bearing Potential on Spur Quality and Leaf Gas Exchange in Apple

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Mokhles A. Elsysy ◽  
Michael V. Mickelbart ◽  
Peter M. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Carbohydrate Status

Uniform annual apple (Malus ×domestica) fruit production is highly dependent on consistent flower formation from year to year, as inconsistent flowering can lead to the biennial bearing observed in some high-value cultivars. The presence of fruit on a spur has been considered the main cause of the expression of biennial bearing and the inhibition of flower initiation, with a number of theories being introduced to explain the phenomenon. In the current experiment, individual spurs of annual bearing cultivars (Gala, Ruby Jon, and Pink Lady) and biennial bearing cultivars (Honeycrisp, Fuji, and Golden Delicious) were thinned to a single fruit or completely defruited at petal fall. Spurs were sampled at the end of the growing season. Effects of fruiting on spur characteristics such as spur and bourse leaf area, stomatal density, leaf gas exchange, and flower formation were determined. Across all cultivars, the presence of fruit on a spur did not affect spur characteristics or flower formation compared with nonfruiting spurs. Similarly, flowering was unaffected by those factors associated with greater spur carbohydrate status, such as bourse leaf area and assimilation rate. Cultivars with greater transpiration and stomatal conductance (gs) rates had lower rates of flower formation. Future studies should focus on xylem flow and expression of genes regulating flowering and plant growth regulators in annual and biennial bearing cultivars.

DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GROWTH AND INJURY EFFECTS OF OZONE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE ON BRASSICACEAE SEEDLINGS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. MARIE ◽  
D. P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Response Variables

Dose response relationships for growth and injury of various Brassicaceae exposed to ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were developed using a central composite factorial design, analysis of covariance and regression analysis. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata ’Market Prize’) response variables were insensitive to SO2 and sensitive to O3. All rutabaga (Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk ’Laurentian’) response variables except specific leaf area and specific water content were sensitive to both SO2 and O3. All cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ’Snow Crown’) response variables except shoot fresh weight and specific leaf area were sensitive to SO2; all were sensitive to O3. There was no significant interaction between SO2 and O3 in any of the crops, suggesting that the gases acted independently. All the equations describing the responses of cabbage had negative linear relationships to O3 concentration. The response equations for rutabaga differed among variables. Leaf specific water content had a negative linear response to O3. Specific leaf area was not affected and the other growth variables had negative linear relationships to SO2 and negative linear and positive quadratic relationships to O3. Cauliflower response equations varied among response variables, containing negative or positive linear SO2 terms, and negative linear and negative or positive quadratic O3 terms. In all three crops, visible injury was primarily a function of O3 concentration. The R2 values of the equations were lower for cabbage than for rutabaga and cauliflower, suggesting a greater population heterogeneity in cabbage than in the other two crops.Key words: Cabbage, rutabaga, cauliflower, air pollution, central composite design, polynomial quadratic equations

scholarly journals Foliar and Wood Traits Covary along a Vertical Gradient within the Crown of Long-Lived Light-Demanding Species of the Congo Basin Semi-Deciduous Forest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Chadrack Kafuti ◽  
Nils Bourland ◽  
Tom De Mil ◽  
Sofie Meeus ◽  
Mélissa Rousseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Wood Traits

Plant functional traits have shown to be relevant predictors of forest functional responses to climate change. However, the trait-based approach to study plant performances and ecological strategies has mostly been focused on trait comparisons at the interspecific and intraspecific levels. In this study, we analyzed traits variation and association at the individual level. We measured wood and leaf traits at different height locations within the crown of five individuals of Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen (Fabaceae) from the northern tropical forest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All traits varied between and within individuals. The between-individual variation was more important for leaf traits (23%–48%) than for wood traits (~10%) where the within-individual variation showed to be more important (33%–39%). The sample location height within the crown was found to be the driving factor of this within-individual variation. In a gradient from the base to the top of the crown, theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity and specific leaf area decreased while the stomatal density increased. We found significant relationships among traits and between wood and leaf traits. However, these relationships varied with the position within the crown. The relationship between vessel size and vessel density was negative at the bottom part of the crown but positive upward. Also, the negative relationship between stomatal density and stomatal size became stronger with increasing height within the crown. Finally, the positive relationship between specific leaf area and theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity became stronger in higher parts of the crown, suggesting that P. elata constantly adapts its water use with respect to its water supply, more strongly at the top of the crown where the environment is more extreme and less buffered against environmental fluctuations.

Genotypic variation in carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange of ponderosa pine seedlings under two levels of water stress

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1581-1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Miguel Olivas-García ◽  
Bert M Cregg ◽  
Thomas C Hennessey
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Moisture Availability

As part of a program to select ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) genotypes for improved drought tolerance, we examined physiological and morphological characteristics of 12 half-sib families of ponderosa pine from four seed sources; New Mexico, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming. We analyzed genetic variation in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), photosynthetic gas exchange, needle morphology, and growth of 2-year-old seedlings from the four seed sources grown under two levels of moisture availability. To gain a better understanding of within-provenance variation and identify opportunities to refine selection strategies, we also examined family within seed source variation in the traits. Water stress significantly (P < 0.05) reduced net photosynthesis (A), needle conductance to water vapor (gwv), carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), and growth of the seedlings as compared to well-watered seedlings. However, instantaneous water use efficiency (A/gwv) did not differ between water treatments. Seedlings from New Mexico had significantly lower gwv and higher A/gwv than seedlings from the other sources. Carbon isotope discrimination was lowest for seedlings from New Mexico and Nebraska. Families within seed sources varied significantly in A, gwv, stomatal density, needle length, height increment, and Δ. Carbon isotope discrimination was significantly correlated with gwv but not with A, supporting results from mature trees suggesting that variation in Δ in ponderosa pine is more related to gwv than to A. Seed source × water treatment interactions were not observed for any of the traits analyzed. These results support our previous assertion that genotype × environment interaction in Δ of mature ponderosa pine trees from these sources grown in Nebraska and Oklahoma was related to factors other than moisture availability.

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