Patterns of seed polymorphism and allozyme variation in the bladder campions, Silene vulgaris and Silene uniflora (Caryophyllaceae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1868-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Runyeon ◽  
Honor C. Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Geographic Differentiation ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Allozyme Diversity ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitats ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Population Component

Seed morphology (testa ornamentation and seed shape) and allozyme variation were investigated in three closely related and partially sympatric taxa of Silene in the Nordic region. Within this region, Silene vulgaris is a widespread weed of anthropogenic habitats. The two subspecies of Silene uniflora are restricted to naturally open habitats; ssp. uniflora has a coastal distribution, whereas the Swedish endemic, ssp. petraea, is restricted to limestone habitats on the islands of Öland and Gotland. All three taxa show a seed ornamentation polymorphism, with individuals producing either tubercled or smooth ("armadillo") seeds. Both seed morphology and allozymes show a separation between the two species Silene vulgaris and Silene uniflora and support the present taxonomic treatment of the endemic "petraea" as a subspecies of Silene uniflora. Tubercled seeds predominate in Silene vulgaris and armadillo seeds predominate in Silene uniflora. However, there is considerable between-population variation in seed morph frequencies within taxa. In contrast to the other two taxa, populations of Silene uniflora ssp. petraea consistently show intermediate frequencies of both seed morphs. Silene uniflora ssp. petraea has the lowest between-population component of diversity in both seed shape (18–46%) and allozymes (0.8%) and shows no significant geographic structure in any of the character sets. Both Silene uniflora ssp. uniflora and Silene vulgaris show significant geographic differentiation in allozymes and seed morphology. The highest between-population component of diversity was found in Silene uniflora ssp. uniflora, where 17% of the total allozyme diversity and 39–82% of the seed shape diversity are accounted for by differences between populations. Key words: allozymes, geographic differentiation, diversity, seed shape, elliptic Fourier coefficients, Landmark characters.

scholarly journals Geographic structure of genetic variation in the widespread woodland grass Milium effusum L. A comparison between two regions with contrasting history and geomorphology

Genome ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1248-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Geographic Differentiation ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Population Fragmentation ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Geographic Patterns

Allozyme variation in the forest grass Milium effusum L. was studied in 21–23 populations within each of two equally sized densely sampled areas in northern and southern Sweden. In addition, 25 populations from other parts of Eurasia were studied for comparison. The structure of variation was analysed with both diversity statistics and measures based on allelic richness at a standardised sample size. The species was found to be highly variable, but no clear geographic patterns in the distribution of alleles or in overall genetic differentiation were found, either within the two regions or within the whole sample. Thus, no inferences about the direction of postglacial migration could be made. Obviously, migration and gene flow must have taken place in a manner capable of randomising the distribution of alleles. However, there were clear differences in levels and structuring of the variation between the two regions. Levels of variation, both in terms of genetic diversity and allelic richness, were lower in northern Sweden as compared with southern Sweden. In contrast, different measures of geographic structure all showed higher levels of population differentiation in the northern region. This is interpreted as due to different geomorphological conditions in the two regions, creating a relatively continuous habitat and gene flow in the southern region as compared with the northern region where the species, although common, is confined to narrow and mutually isolated corridors in the landscape.Key words: Milium effusum, allozymes, geographic differentiation, population fragmentation, allelic richness.

Local variation in seeds of ponderosa pine

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Ager ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
South Central ◽  
Population Component

Variation in seed morphology among populations of ponderosa pine growing in south central Oregon was examined. A total of nine populations was sampled from a range of elevations within each of two distinct soil types: basalt residuals derived from Pliocene basalt flows and wind-deposited pumice originating from the eruption of Mt. Mazama 7600 years ago. Overall, an unusually diverse array of seed morphology was encountered. Slight but significant differences in seed shape and color were present between populations from the two soil types. Except for seed weight, no significant differences were found between populations within soils. Variation in seed weight was negatively correlated with seed source moisture as measured by elevation. For all traits studied, variance components for populations and soils were relatively minor, the within-population component accounting for a major portion of the total variation. Hypotheses are offered to explain the high levels of within-population diversity in seed traits as an adaptation to a spatially heterogeneous environment, as well as a defense against the foraging behavior of seed predators. Also, the possible adaptive significance of the observed variation in seed traits is discussed in relation to seedbed properties of the respective soils.

Genetic diversity of the extremely rare Habenaria dentata and the rare Habenaria linearifolia (Orchidaceae) in South Korea: implications for population history and conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Mi Yoon Chung ◽  
Hoa Thi Quynh Le ◽  
Sungwon Son ◽  
Huai Zhen Tian ◽  
Myong Gi Chung
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Population History ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Allozyme Diversity ◽  
Glacial Origin

Background and aims – Since historical events often leave an indelible mark on levels of genetic diversity of plant populations, one may indirectly infer their evolutionary history with the help of current patterns of genetic diversity. The terrestrial orchid Habenaria dentata, an element of warm-temperate/subtropical vegetation, reaches its northernmost limits in the Korean Peninsula, and thus it is extremely rare there. As H. dentata was absent from the Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), it is likely to be of post-glacial origin having arrived from either a single refugium or multiple refugia. However, its rare, temperate/boreal congener H. linearifolia might have persisted in situ in either macrorefugia or microrefugia on the Peninsula during the LGM.Methods – To test which hypothesis is most appropriate for each species, we investigated levels of allozyme-based (17 loci) genetic diversity and population genetic structure in the two only known populations of H. dentata and in 12 populations of H. linearifolia.Key results – No allozyme diversity was found in H. dentata (He = 0.000), whereas H. linearifolia exhibited low within-population variation (He = 0.060) and high among-population differentiation (FST = 0.237). We found little association between populations in relation to their geographic location; several populations presented individuals belonging to different clusters.Conclusions – Our results suggest that H. dentata likely originated from a single ancestral population (perhaps from southern Japan or southern China) through post-glacial dispersal, whereas H. linearifolia probably survived the LGM in situ in microrefugia situated at low to mid-elevated regions. We further suggest that separate conservation strategies for each species should be employed, given that the two taxa have different ecological and demographic traits and harbour different levels of genetic diversity.

Life history and allozyme variation in populations of the weed species Setaria faberi

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1396-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
B. K. Thompson ◽  
L. D. Black
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Single Genotype ◽  
Variable Population ◽  
Low Levels

Life-history features and allozyme variation were examined among and within eight populations of Setaria faberi collected at the northern limits of its distribution range from 39 to 45° N latitude. Statistically significant variation among the eight populations was evident for all 16 characters relating to morphology, phenology, and growth characteristics of the plants. Very low levels of allozyme variation were detected in the eight populations, i.e., only 3 of the 22 loci surveyed were polymorphic. Nine multilocus genotypes were present. Six of the eight populations contained a single genotype, whereas the most variable population (A) contained eight genotypes. Estimates of within-population variation of nine life-history features indicated that population A was the most variable with 7 of 9 characters showing statistically significant among-family variation.

Macrogeographic variation in the song of the Mourning Warbler (Oporornis philadelphia)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1027-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pitocchelli
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Song Divergence ◽  
Regional Dialect ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Northern Alberta

Studies of macrogeographic variation in birdsong involve populations incapable of interbreeding because of physical barriers or separation by large distances. Different patterns have emerged from these studies such as (i) little or no variation exists among individuals or populations from the breeding range, (ii) individual variation is greater than among population variation resulting in no geographic structure, (iii) clinal variation, and (iv) macrogeographic variation where all individuals from several populations on the breeding range share a common song type forming a regional dialect or regiolect. I studied macrogeographic variation in song of the Mourning Warbler ( Oporornis philadelphia (A. Wilson, 1810)). The observed pattern was similar to the fourth category of geographic variation with regiolects. A Western regiolect extended from northern Alberta to western Ontario. An Eastern regiolect stretched eastward from western Ontario and Wisconsin to the Gaspé Peninsula and New England, then southward through the Appalachians to West Virginia. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland each had unique regiolects. Finally, I compared these results to other species with regiolects and assessed the ability of some deterministic hypotheses to explain song divergence (e.g., role of morphology, physical barriers, island isolation).

scholarly journals Seed micromorphological study on endemic and subendemic species of Veronica L. (Plantaginaceae Juss.) in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-324
Author(s):  
Soghra Ramzi ◽  
Shahryar Saedi-Mehrvarz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Sem Micrographs ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Micromorphological Characters ◽  
Scanning Electron

Seed morphology of 12 Iranian endemic and subendemic species of Veronica was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Seven qualitative and quantitative characters were measured using SEM micrographs and stereomicroscopy. The seed shape of most species is ovate and plano-convex. The size of seeds ranges from 1.25 x 0.75 mm in V. khorassanica to 2.5 x 1.75 mm in V. viscosa Boiss. The ornamentation of seed coat is reticulate-verrucate in V. khorassanica, V. czerniakowskiana, V. mazanderanae and V. rubrifolia, reticulate-rugate in V. acrotheca, V. aucheri, V. viscosa and V. intercedens, rugose in V. microcarpa, V. chionantha and V. rechingeri, and reticulate-porate in V. gaubae. The testa cells are polygonal in ten species and irregular in two species. Micromorphological characters of seeds are useful in specific and subspecific delimitations of Iranian Veronica.

Seed Shape Diversity in families of the Order Ranunculales

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 425 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÈ JAVIER MARTÍN-GÓMEZ ◽  
AGNIESZKA REWICZ ◽  
EMILIO CERVANTES
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
The Third ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Seed shape in the order Ranunculales is described with the objective of characterizing the morphological seed types in the families of this order and to establish a correlation between seed shape, plant structure and life style.         Based on previous work in model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula), we have used the J index to estimate the percentage of similarity of the image of a seed with a geometric shape. The images of seeds of model plants resemble cardioid or cardioid-derived models, while seeds from other species with rapid life cycles resemble other, also simple geometrical figures. In general, seed shape may help establishing the relationships between taxonomic groups.         Three types of seed morphology are distinguished in the Ranunculales based on values of J index. In the first type, seeds in the Berberidaceae, Euptelaceae and Lardizabalaceae, adjust well to an oval. The second type, seeds in the Papaveraceae, adjust well to the cardioid model, and the third type, seeds in the Ranunculaceae, adjust well to diverse geometric shapes, including the oval, truncated cardioid, Fibonacci spiral and ellipse. In the Ranunculales, seed shape is varied and often related to geometrical figures.                The presence of cardioid derived models in the Papaveraceae supports our hypothesis that seeds resembling the cardioid are frequent in plants with rapid life cycles.Ranunculales

Seed morphology of perennial taxa of Euphorbia section Pithyusa (Euphorbiaceae) in Turkey

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 336 (3) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
İLKER GENÇ ◽  
ŞÜKRAN KÜLTÜR
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Seed Surface ◽  
Surface Ornamentation ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study based on seed morphology of perennial Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) sect. Pithyusa species occurring in Turkey is presented. A total of 14 species were studied. Seed characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as dissecting light microscopy. Significant features are: seed size, seed shape, shape of caruncle and seed surface ornamentation. Three different seed surface types (smooth, pitted, and wrinkled) were observed. Four main seed shapes (ovoid, oblong, quadrangular, and globose), as well as seven types of seed coat ornamentation (reticulate-areolate, areolate, alveolate, falsifoveate, pusticulate, colliculate and smooth) were found. The number of testa cells per 100 µm2 and also its range, from 8–12 to 57–63, are given.

Seed morphology of Epilobium and Chamaenerion (Onagraceae) in Turkey

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 331 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAMİL COŞKUNÇELEBİ ◽  
SERDAR MAKBUL ◽  
SEDA OKUR
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Periclinal Wall ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

Macro- and micro-morphological features of seeds belonging to 26 taxa from Turkey were observed under the light and scanning electron microscopy. Present findings partly agree with segregation of Epilobium and Chamerion at generic level. The members of the genus Epilobium were distinguished by seeds with conical, semispherical, cylindrical or crest-like papillae or without papillae, granulate periclinal surfaces, papillae with parallel, radial, irregular or spirally furrow and the members of Chamerion were distinguished by seeds crest-like papillae or without papillae and without granulate periclinal surfaces and without furrow. The results also showed that seed shape, presence/absence of papillae and beak, papillae shape and ornamentation, and periclinal wall features are valuable for delimiting the examined taxa specific level within both genera. A key to Turkish Epilobium and Chamerion taxa based on seed morphology is presented for the first time

scholarly journals Tram tracks as specific anthropogenic habitats for the growth of plants

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Woźnica ◽  
Alina Urbisz ◽  
Andrzej Urbisz ◽  
Izabella Franiel
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitats ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella

Although tramway tracks are found in most cities, their flora is not thoroughly researched. Many more studies relate to railway areas as specific anthropogenic habitats for the development of plants. Both railway and tram tracks represent specific ecological migration corridors for plants. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the floristic composition and selected soil parameters of tram tracks. In 2014-2015, floristic studies were carried out along tram tracks in the Upper Silesian conurbation (southern Poland). Depending on the dominant species, five groups of sites with varying floristic composition were distinguished. Five plots with an area of 1 m2 were randomly selected in each of the sites. The species composition was determined at each plot together with the cover-abundance of all species occurring at a given plot according to Westhoff’s and van Maarel’s scale. Soil samples were collected from each plot and analysed for pH, the content of biogenic elements and heavy metals. A total of 329 species of vascular plants were identified on the tram tracks of the surveyed area, and 40 species on the plots. The dominant species included: Amaranthus retroflexus, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Hieracium pilosella, Silene vulgaris, Taraxacum sp. and Trifolium repens. Grouping of plots in respect of soil factors largely reflects their species composition. It has been found that the content of nitrate nitrogen, lead and phosphorus has the strongest impact on the floristic diversity of the railway tracks. Based on these parameters, three groups of species were distinguished: nitrophytes, metallophytes and common, i.e. not closely associated with the studied soil properties. Three habitat types of varying plant species composition were distinguished based on the content of nitrate nitrogen and lead: 1) nitrophilous dominated by Amaranthus retroflexus, 2) with increased content of heavy metals, dominated by Silene vulgaris and 3) mesotrophic dominated by meadow species (Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Hieracium pilosella, Taraxacum sp., Trifolium repens).

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