Effects of reproduction and artificial herbivory on vegetative growth and resource levels in deciduous and evergreen dwarf shrubs

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Tolvanen ◽  
Kari Laine
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Key Words Carbohydrate ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Resource Levels ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtillus L

Effects of reproduction (production of flowers and berries) and artificial herbivory of different phenological stages on deciduous bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and evergreen lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) were investigated to determine differences in allocation patterns and recovery ability between these species. Vegetative growth and concentration of sugars, starch, and nitrogen were measured in ramets at the end of the growing season. Statistical comparisons were made between the treatments and damage times, but not between the species, as these were manipulated at different sites within the same forest. Reproduction reduced the vegetative growth significantly in lingonberry, whereas the fertile bilberry ramets grew even more than the sterile ones. The bilberry produced new shoots as a response to simulated herbivory, which significantly decreased carbohydrate levels in tissues. The evergreen lingonberry produced less shoots, and carbohydrate levels increased significantly. Nitrogen concentration either remained unchanged or increased in both species. For both species, time of damage affected the carbon and nitrogen levels as well as the ability to regrow. The species have developed different strategies to overcome the costs of sexual reproduction and herbivory damage, apparently as a result of the different resource allocation patterns and different architectural constraints for shoot development. The evergreen lingonberry grows slowly and conserves resources, whereas the deciduous bilberry allocates resources to increase the photosynthesizing biomass, which increases the potential of future survival, growth, and reproduction. Key words: carbohydrate, clipping, deblossoming, defoliation, nitrogen, Vaccinium.

Factors affecting vegetative growth and the production of perithecia in culture by Ophiobolus graminis. I. Variations in media and age of mycelium

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Weste
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

Perithecia were readily produced in culture on a suitable solid medium under certain conditions of light and temperature, once vegetative growth was established. Investigations into the carbon and nitrogen requirements for both vegetative growth and fruiting showed that, whereas vegetative growth increased with increasing carbon supplies up to10%, reproduction occurred only within a restricted range of carbon and nitrogen concentrations. No perithecia were produced on a starvation medium. Factors involved in fruiting included concentration of nutrients and the balance between them; both were important. A suitable fruiting medium required a minimum carbon concentration of 3000 p.p.m., supplied as 0.75 % glucose or fructose, and an optimum carbon concentration of 6000 p.p.m. supplied as 1.5 % glucose or fructose. The maximum number of perithecia was produced on a medium containing 1% glucose and 0.2 % asparagine (400 p.p.m. nitrogen), which had a carbonlnitrogen ratio of 11.8. A higher than optimum nitrogen concentration was partially offset by increasing the carbon concentration, that is by keeping the carbonlnitrogen ratio approximately constant. The actual concentrations inhibiting and promoting fruiting of the fungus were influenced by the balance between carbon and nitrogen supplies. High concentrations of carbon and nitrogen increased vegetative growth but decreased the number of perithecia. There was no sudden inhibition of perithecia with increased carbon concentrations, but at 10% glucose (40,000 p.p.m. carbon) vegetative growth and pigmentation were maximal but few or no perithecia developed. No evidence was obtained that perithecial production was influenced by ageing of the mycelium, the presence of staling factors, or exhaustion of food supplies.

Effects of increased residue biomass under elevated CO2 on carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregate size classes (rice-wheat rotation system, China)

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H L Ma ◽  
J G Zhu ◽  
Z B Xie ◽  
G Liu ◽  
Q Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Percentage Distribution ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Soil Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Fraction ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

In order to study how soil carbon and nitrogen contents of different aggregate size fractions are affected by an increase in crop biomass and additional carbon inputs to soil due to elevated [CO2], a field experiment under a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system was conducted. The experiment was set up with two CO2 levels [ambient CO2 and elevated CO2 (ambient + 200 ?mol mol-1)] and three N levels [low N (LN), 150 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg N ha-1, normal N (NN), 250 kg N ha-1 and 180 kg N ha-1, and high N (HN), 350 kg N ha-1 and 250 kg N ha-1, during the rice season and the wheat season, respectively] and straw was added at the same soil:biomass ratio as in the field during the rice and wheat seasons. Compared with ambient CO2, little change was observed in the percentage distribution of soil fractions, carbon and nitrogen content, and C:N ratio in each soil fraction under elevated CO2 from 2001 to 2003. However, after the soil was cultivated with straw at two CO2 levels, as a ratio of biomass to field area for 1 yr, elevated CO2 decreased the percentage distribution of the macroaggregate (> 250 µm) and microaggregate (53-250 µm) fractions by 28.9% (P < 0.01) and 27.8% (P < 0.01), respectively, and increased that of the clay- and silt-sized (< 53 µm) fraction by 38.2% (P < 0.01). Elevated CO2 increased the carbon concentration by 4-41% and increased the nitrogen concentration by 0-30% compared with ambient CO2, with the largest increases of 41.2% (P < 0.01) and 30.2% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the macroaggregate fraction with NN. Elevated CO2 decreased the contributions of soil carbon and nitrogen contents, respectively, in each fraction, to the whole soil by 13.1 and 17.2% in macroaggregates, by 12.9% (P < 0.05) and 16.9% (P < 0.01) in microaggregate, but increased them, on average, by 47.6% (P < 0.01) and 44.4% (P < 0.01), respectively, in the clay- and silt-sized fractions. The changes in soil C:N due to elevated CO2 were largest in the <53 µm fraction with LN and in the >250 µm fraction with NN and HN. These results suggest that adding straw is an important factor for soil structure and function with regard to soil carbon and nitrogen storage and cycling under FACE.Key words: Elevated CO2, nitrogen levels, aggregate turnover, carbon and nitrogen fractions, rice-wheat cropping, addition of straw

scholarly journals Effects of Shading on Carbohydrates of Syzygium samarangense

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1252-1257
Author(s):  
Ying JIAN ◽  
Guolin WU ◽  
Donghui ZHOU ◽  
Zhiqun HU ◽  
Zhenxuan QUAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Digital Object ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an important tropical fruit tree cultivated in Southeast Asian. It produces red pear-like shape fruits. The fruit flesh is considered high in antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids that have a potential to contribute to the human healthy diet, and was proved to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial characteristics. To allow year-round marketing of high quality wax apple fruit, growers always perform shading to inhibit new flushes so as to repress vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth. To investigate the effect of shading on carbohydrates, wax apple trees were shaded with sun shade nets under field conditions. The effects of shading on shoot growth were studied and leaf carbohydrate levels of the trees were determined. The results showed that shading inhibit the the growth of the terminal shoots and promoted bud dormancy. Shading also reduced total soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch levels of leaves. The results suggested that shading reduced carbohydrate accumulation and repressed vegetative growth.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

scholarly journals Ligninolytic enzyme production in Pleurotus eryngii depending on the medium composition and cultivation conditions

2005 ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
Mirjana Stajic ◽  
Sonja Duletic-Lausevic ◽  
Jelena Vukojevic
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzyme ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Pleurotus Eryngii ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Two Peaks

Pleurotus eryngii produced laccase (Lac) both under conditions of submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using all of the investigated carbon and nitrogen sources, while significant peroxidases production occurred only under SSF conditions. The highest levels of Lac activity were found under SF conditions of dry ground mandarine peels (999.5 U/l). After purification of extracellular crude enzyme mixture of P. eryngii which was grown under SF conditions with dry ground mandarine peels it was revealed two peaks of Lac activity and one peak of activity against phenol red in absence of external Mn2+ which was very low (1.4 U/l). Results obtained by purification also showed that the levels of phenol red oxidation in absence of external Mn2+ were higher than phenol red oxidation levels in presence of external Mn2+. In the medium with the best carbon source for Lac production (dry ground mandarine peels), (NH4)2SO4, with a nitrogen concentration of 20 mM, was the most optimum nitrogen source among 8 investigated sources.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study of the Influence of Conductivity and Calcium Concentrations on the Density and Species Richness of Native and Invasive Gastropods in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Michele Larson ◽  
Gary Beauvais
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Native Community ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Freshwater Gastropods ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Primary Producer ◽  
Preliminary Study

Freshwater gastropods are a diverse taxa that inhabit a wide variety of freshwater habitats (Lydeard et al. 2004, Strong et al. 2008). Freshwater gastropods often form narrow endemic ranges (Strong et al. 2008) with many species restricted to a single drainage or an isolated spring (Brown et al. 2008). In North America, over 60% of freshwater snails are listed as imperiled or presumed extinct (Lysne et al. 2008). The main factors for the reduction in snail biodiversity are habitat loss, water pollution, and the introduction of invasive species (Strong et al. 2008). Invasive species can dramatically alter the native community by reducing biodiversity and changing ecological processes (Alonso and Castro-Diez 2008). The effects of invasive species on aquatic ecosystems are often permanent and lead to reductions in biodiversity due to predation and competition with native species (Alonso and Castro-Diez 2008, Lysne et al. 2008, Strayer 1999). Invasive gastropods impact native ecosystems by altering carbon and nitrogen levels (Hall et al. 2003, Arango et al. 2009), consuming large amounts of primary producer biomass (Hall et al. 2003, Riley et al. 2008, Strayer 2010), and changing native macroinvertebrate community composition (Kerans et al. 2005, Riley et al. 2008, Cross et al. 2010, Brenneis et al. 2011).

scholarly journals Developmental speed affects ecological stoichiometry and adult fat reserves in Drosophila melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Indrikis A. Krams ◽  
Ronalds Krams ◽  
Priit Jõers ◽  
Māris Munkevics ◽  
Giedrius Trakimas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Fat Reserves

Abstract The elemental composition of organisms belongs to a suite of functional traits that change during development in response to environmental conditions. However, associations between adaptive variations in developmental speed and elemental body composition are not well understood. We compared body mass, elemental body composition, food uptake and fat metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster male fruit flies in relation to their larval development speed. Slowly developing flies had higher body carbon concentration than rapidly developing and intermediate flies. Rapidly developing flies had the highest body nitrogen concentration, while slowly developing flies had higher body nitrogen levels than flies with intermediate speed of development. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was therefore lower in rapidly developing flies than in slow and intermediate flies. We also had a group of flies grown individually and their body mass and elemental body composition were similar to those of rapidly developing individuals grown in groups. This suggests that rapid growth is not suppressed by stress. Feeding rates were lowest in the slowly developing flies. The amount of triacylglycerides was highest in the flies with intermediate developmental speed which optimizes development under many climatic conditions. Although low food intake slows down developmental speed and the accumulation of body fat reserves in slowly developing flies, their phenotype conceivably facilitates survival under higher stochasticity of their environments. Rapidly developing flies grew with less emphasis on storage build-up. Overall, this study shoes that a combination of bet-hedging, adaptive tracking and developmental plasticity enables fruit flies to respond adaptively to environmental uncertainty.

The association of dry-matter yield with nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Valentine ◽  
A. H. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Low Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe associations between yield, nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration within S. 23 perennial ryegrass were investigated at three levels of nitrogen application. Controlled growth room conditions were used.The simple correlation between yield and nitrogen concentration was negative at the low rate of nitrogen application, not present at the intermediate rate of nitrogen and positive though not significant at the high rate of nitrogen. Yield and soluble-carbohydrate concentration were only correlated (positively) at the low nitrogen rate.At low nitrogen there were ‘efficient’ genotypes with relatively high yield and low nitrogen concentration. ‘Inefficient’ genotypes had relatively low yields and high nitrogen concentration. The majority of genotypes were neither markedly efficient or inefficient. The efficient genotypes at low nitrogen maintained their yield advantage at higher nitrogen levels with average nitrogen concentration and high numbers of tillers. Inefficient genotypes remained relatively stable in yield, numbers of tillers and nitrogen concentration.Partial correlation indicated an underlying high degree of dependence between yield, nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration at all nitrogen levels. The association of yield and nitrogen concentration showed a similar trend over nitrogen levels to that obtained using simple correlation. Yield and soluble-carbohydrate concentration were positively related, and nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration inversely related, when the effects of the remaining attribute were eliminated.Data extracted from Lee et al. (1977) confirmed that yield and nitrogen concentration for varieties under field conditions varied with level of nitrogen application in a similar manner to genotypes in the controlled growth room. The variety (Melle) could be characterized as being particularly efficient.Both sets of results indicate that selection for high yield of nitrogen in herbage can best be achieved through selection for yield alone.

The effect of fertilizers and season on the yield and composition of wheat in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Application

Twenty two fertilizer experiments with wheat were carried out over a wide range of soil and environmental seasonal conditions in southern N.S. W. The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of wheat are described. Seasonal environmental effects were examined by comparing the relative response to fertilizers of vegetative growth in the early spring with the final response of the harvested grain. Grain yield response to fertilizers is commonly restricted by seasonal conditions. Overcorrection of the phosphorus or nitrogen deficiencies may cause excessive early vegetative growth which exhausts soil moisture reserves before grain development has been completed. Loss of grain yields through this phenomenon is described locally as haying off. The chief danger in this respect seems to be from excessive nitrogen levels in the soil following a clover pasture. Assessments of economically desirable fertilizer applications on the basis of field experiments can only be based on statistical averages of seasonal conditions in each locality. The trials indicate, however, that the common application rate of superphosphate to wheat is inadequate in this region and should be at least doubled.

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