Correlates of pathogen species richness in the grass family

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Clay
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Strong Trend

Factors contributing to the species richness of fungal pathogens infecting grasses were explored through statistical analyses of data derived from a computerized data base on fungi on plants in the United States and from grass floras. The total number of fungal species infecting each grass species, as well as numbers of smuts, rusts, and systemic clavicipitaceous fungi, were compiled. Host characteristics included grass subfamily, the number of species in the genus, geographic range, life history, and their status as native versus alien species, and crop versus noncrop species. Analyses indicated that the best predictor of pathogen species richness per host is host geographical range. Grass subfamily, life history, and status as crops or native species also were significantly correlated with pathogen load but explained less variation than host geographical range. Pathogen species richness per host showed a strong trend to increase with increasing latitude. Extensive sampling of fungal pathogens from selected grass species is needed to provide an independent measure of accuracy of the data base. Key words: biodiversity, fungi, grasses, pathogens, species richness.

Differential Susceptibility of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Different Species of Fungal Pathogens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahi A Barrera-López ◽  
Ariel W Guzmán-Franco ◽  
Materesa Santillán-Galicia ◽  
Fernando Tamayo-Mejía ◽  
Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Microbial Agents

Abstract Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a pest of Palearctic origin. Its presence in the United States was first reported in 2008 and in Mexico in 2014; it affects brassica crops. There are practically no reports of natural enemies of B. hilaris in America. Entomopathogenic fungi are strong candidates for microbial control of this pest. Evaluating the susceptibility of this pest to fungi that are native to the region where they will be used is a sensible first step to finding candidate biological control agents. The aim of our research was to select potential microbial agents to control B. hilaris. Eleven isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria pseudobassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea were evaluated to determine the susceptibility of B. hilaris. Isolates of B. bassiana caused the highest mortality due to infection (100%) compared with the other isolates. The I. fumosorosea isolate caused the lowest percent mortality (56%). The two B. bassiana isolates Bb88 and AP3 were more virulent than M. anisopliae isolate Ma129. The sex of the insect had no effect on infection levels achieved by B. bassiana isolates Bb88 and AP3. The results of our study contribute valuable information for the development of fungal species with potential to manage B. hilaris populations. Field studies are the next step in order to develop these isolates as biological control agents of B. hilaris.

scholarly journals Hidden Fungi: Combining Culture-Dependent and -Independent DNA Barcoding Reveals Inter-Plant Variation in Species Richness of Endophytic Root Fungi in Elymus repens

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Anna K. Høyer ◽  
Trevor R. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Sequencing Method ◽  
Elymus Repens ◽  
Root Fungi ◽  
Culture Dependent

The root endophyte community of the grass species Elymus repens was investigated using both a culture-dependent approach and a direct amplicon sequencing method across five sites and from individual plants. There was much heterogeneity across the five sites and among individual plants. Focusing on one site, 349 OTUs were identified by direct amplicon sequencing but only 66 OTUs were cultured. The two approaches shared ten OTUs and the majority of cultured endophytes do not overlap with the amplicon dataset. Media influenced the cultured species richness and without the inclusion of 2% MEA and full-strength MEA, approximately half of the unique OTUs would not have been isolated using only PDA. Combining both culture-dependent and -independent methods for the most accurate determination of root fungal species richness is therefore recommended. High inter-plant variation in fungal species richness was demonstrated, which highlights the need to rethink the scale at which we describe endophyte communities.

National geochemical data base; PLUTO geochemical data base for the United States

Data Series ◽  
10.3133/ds47 ◽  
1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Baedecker ◽  
Jeffrey N. Grossman ◽  
Kim P. Buttleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Base ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geochemical Data

Correlates of Species Richness in Mammals: Body Size, Life History, and Ecology

2005 ◽  
Vol 165 (5) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Nick J. B. Isaac ◽  
Jones ◽  
Gittleman ◽  
Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Body Size

Composition of Apple Juice

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard R Mattick ◽  
James C Moyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Calcium Iron

Abstract Thirty-one samples from 8 geographic growing regions of the United States and 15 varieties common to these areas were converted to apple juice and analyzed for their attributes over the 3 year period 1979, 1980, and 1981. The total of 93 samples were analyzed for ash, brix, pH, proline, specific gravity, total acid, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The elements cadmium, calcium, iron, lead, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc were also determined. These data are presented to serve as a data base for the detection of fraudulent or adulterated apple juice.

scholarly journals Post-translational regulation of autophagy is involved in intra-microbiome suppression of fungal pathogens

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chaoyun Xu ◽  
Qiming Sun ◽  
Jinrong Xu ◽  
Yunrong Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 ◽  
Plant Microbiota ◽  
Autophagic Process

Abstract Background Microbiome interactions are important determinants for ecosystem functioning, stability, and health. In previous studies, it was often observed that bacteria suppress potentially pathogenic fungal species that are part of the same plant microbiota; however, the underlying microbe-microbe interplay remains mostly elusive. Here, we explored antagonistic interactions of the fungus Fusarium graminearum and bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus at the molecular level. Both are ubiquitous members of the healthy wheat microbiota; under dysbiosis, the fungus causes devastating diseases. Results In co-cultures, we found that Streptomyces alters the fungal acetylome leading to substantial induction of fungal autophagy. The bacterium secrets rapamycin to inactivate the target of rapamycin (TOR), which subsequently promotes the degradation of the fungal histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 through the 26S proteasome. Gcn5 negatively regulates fungal autophagy by acetylating the autophagy-related protein Atg8 at the lysine site K13 and blocking cellular relocalization of Atg8. Thus, degradation of Gcn5 triggered by rapamycin was found to reduce Atg8 acetylation, resulting in autophagy induction in F. graminearum. Conclusions Autophagy homeostasis plays an essential role in fungal growth and competition, as well as for virulence. Our work reveals a novel post-translational regulation of autophagy initiated by a bacterial antibiotic. Rapamycin was shown to be a powerful modulator of bacteria–fungi interactions with potential importance in explaining microbial homeostasis in healthy plant microbiomes. The autophagic process provides novel possibilities and targets to biologically control pathogens.

scholarly journals Avian Breeding Season Diversity and Community Composition in Camden White Gum and Slash Pine Plantations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J Messick ◽  
Christopher E Comer ◽  
Michael A Blazier ◽  
T Bently Wigley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Short Rotation Woody Crops ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations

Abstract In the southern United States, some landowners have established plantations of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) and are managing them on short rotations (<15 years) to provide wood for fiber and other potential uses. Establishment of short-rotation woody crops dominated by nonnative species has implications for resident fauna in the United States that are largely unknown. We compared avifauna abundance, diversity, and community composition in newly established Camden white gum (Eucalyptus benthamii) plantations with slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations of the same age and height (one to two and six to seven years old, respectively) in southwestern Louisiana, USA. Species richness, diversity, and community composition in newly established eucalyptus plantations and six- to seven-year-old pines were similar. More birds were observed, and bird detections varied less in eucalyptus plantations. Indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) and other shrub-associated species were detected more often in eucalyptus stands. In contrast, species that inhabit herbaceous-dominated communities, such as eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), or that were associated with a dense graminoid community (e.g., Bachman’s sparrow [Peucaea aestivalis]) were detected less often in eucalyptus. Overall, breeding bird communities in eucalyptus plantations one to two years postestablishment differed little from plantations dominated by slash pine. Study Implications Compared with slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem) plantations of similar age and height (one to two years and six to seven years old, respectively) we found one- to two-year-old eucalyptus (Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage) plantations supported similar avian species richness and diversity to six- to seven-year-old pine stands. Furthermore, we found these eucalyptus plantations (E13) supported an avian community that was intermediate to similar aged pine (S13) and pine of similar height (S08). However, avian communities will likely change as eucalyptus plantations age (Christian et al. 1997). Continued monitoring and assessment of community composition, richness, and abundance is important for determining the magnitude of this change. Future investigations focused on nest success, fecundity, postfledging monitoring, and survivorship compared with other types of planted forests and native cover types would help us better understand eucalyptus plantation effects on avifauna demographics (Van Horne 1983, Martin 1998, Jones 2001, Wood et al. 2004, Sage et al. 2006, Riffell et al. 2011).

scholarly journals Development of a Co-Dominant Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences Assay for the Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Two Pathogenic Clarireedia spp. Associated with Dollar Spot in Turfgrass

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Tammy Stackhouse ◽  
Sumyya Waliullah ◽  
Alfredo D. Martinez-Espinoza ◽  
Bochra Bahri ◽  
Emran Ali
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Primers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences

Dollar spot is one of the most destructive diseases in turfgrass. The causal agents belong to the genus Clarireedia, which are known for causing necrotic, sunken spots in turfgrass that coalesce into large damaged areas. In low tolerance settings like turfgrass, it is of vital importance to rapidly detect and identify the pathogens. There are a few methods available to identify the genus Clarireedia, but none of those are rapid enough and characterize down to the species level. This study produced a co-dominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) test that differentiates between C. jacksonii and C. monteithiana, the two species that cause dollar spot disease within the United States. The calmodulin gene (CaM) was targeted to generate Clarireedia spp. specific PCR primers. The CAPS assay was optimized and tested for specificity and sensitivity using DNA extracted from pure cultures of two Clarireedia spp. and other closely related fungal species. The results showed that the newly developed primer set could amplify both species and was highly sensitive as it detected DNA concentrations as low as 0.005 ng/µL. The assay was further validated using direct PCR to speed up the diagnosis process. This drastically reduces the time needed to identify the dollar spot pathogens. The resulting assay could be used throughout turfgrass settings for a rapid and precise identification method in the US.

scholarly journals Mitotic Recombination and Adaptive Genomic Changes in Human Pathogenic Fungi

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiya Gusa ◽  
Sue Jinks-Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Break Site ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Genome rearrangements and ploidy alterations are important for adaptive change in the pathogenic fungal species Candida and Cryptococcus, which propagate primarily through clonal, asexual reproduction. These changes can occur during mitotic growth and lead to enhanced virulence, drug resistance, and persistence in chronic infections. Examples of microevolution during the course of infection were described in both human infections and mouse models. Recent discoveries defining the role of sexual, parasexual, and unisexual cycles in the evolution of these pathogenic fungi further expanded our understanding of the diversity found in and between species. During mitotic growth, damage to DNA in the form of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is repaired, and genome integrity is restored by the homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways. In addition to faithful repair, these pathways can introduce minor sequence alterations at the break site or lead to more extensive genetic alterations that include loss of heterozygosity, inversions, duplications, deletions, and translocations. In particular, the prevalence of repetitive sequences in fungal genomes provides opportunities for structural rearrangements to be generated by non-allelic (ectopic) recombination. In this review, we describe DSB repair mechanisms and the types of resulting genome alterations that were documented in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relevance of similar recombination events to stress- and drug-related adaptations and in generating species diversity are discussed for the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

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