Localization of condensed tannins in apple fruit peel, pulp, and seeds

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1897-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry L. Lees ◽  
Neil H. Suttill ◽  
Katharine M. Wall ◽  
Thomas H. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Variable Light

Seven varieties of post-harvest apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit, i.e., Spartan, McIntosh, Newtown, Royal Gala, Jonagold, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious, were examined for the presence and location of condensed tannins in the peel, pulp, and seeds. Statistically significant differences in the condensed tannin content were found between varieties and sources, and in different tissues within a variety. Red Delicious had the greatest amount of condensed tannin in the peel and pulp, whereas Golden Delicious had the least. The amount in the seed was low and variable. Light and electron microscopy revealed tannins in the hypodermal layers of the peel, near the floral bundles in the cortex of the pulp, and in the thick-walled sclerenchyma and crushed parenchyma of the testa. The condensed tannin deposits in the peel appeared most concentrated in the hypodermal cell layer adjacent to the epidermis, with lesser amounts in cell layers closer to the cortex. Electron micrographs revealed that condensed tannin deposits were always found in the vacuole, taking different forms, and mainly associated with the tonoplast. Key words: condensed tannins, apple, peel, pulp, seed, vanillin–HCl, microscopy.

scholarly journals (37) Metabolism of Apple Peel Constituents during Ripening is Differently Regulated by Ethylene

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005D-1006
Author(s):  
James Mattheis ◽  
David Rudell
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Chlorophyll Degradation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Atmosphere Storage

Metabolism of peel constituents was assessed during ripening of `Delicious' and `Golden Delicious' apples. The ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and/or controlled atmosphere storage (CA) were used to limit ethylene activity during and after storage at 1 °C. `Delicious' apples not exposed to 1-MCP developed a brownish discoloration (not superficial scald) during the initial 2 months of storage in air. LC/MS analyses of peel components indicated 1-MCP and/or CA inhibited the degradation of compounds responsible for red peel color (i.e., idaein) as well as other flavonoids. Ethylene regulation of metabolism of other phenolic and related constituents including (-)epicatechin and chlorogenic acid appears to be compound specific. The (-)epicatechin content is not impacted by 1-MCP or CA, while chlorogenic acid accumulation is reduced in fruit exposed to 1-MCP and/or stored in CA. β-carotene and lutein content in peel of `Delicious' fruit stored in air was lower compared with untreated controls. Chlorophyll degradation was enhanced in air-stored fruit previously exposed to 1-MCP; however, this result was not observed in 1-MCP exposed fruit from CA. Results for `Golden Delicious' apples also indicated that exposure to 1-MCP and CA, as well as storage duration, impacts metabolism of peel constituents. Chlorophyll degradation was delayed in fruit previously exposed to 1-MCP and then stored in CA. Impacts of 1-MCP and storage environment on concentrations of other `Golden Delicious' peel constituents increased with storage duration. The results indicate metabolism of apple fruit peel constituents during fruit ripening is differentially regulated by ethylene.

scholarly journals Localized Accumulation of Condensed Tannins Associated with Poinsettia Bract Necrosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 916-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. McAvoy ◽  
Bernard B. Bible ◽  
Michael R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Dense Deposits ◽  
Trace Concentrations

The early onset of bract necrosis in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotzch) is characterized by small dark-stained spots that precede the development of enlarged necrotic lesions. Electron micrographs of adaxial epidermal and subepidermal tissues with early symptoms of necrosis revealed large, electron-dense deposits in cell vacuoles. These spherical bodies resembled condensed tannins observed in the epidermal tissues of peach and apple fruit. Chemical analysis of bract tissues confirmed the presence of condensed tannins. Furthermore, there were higher concentrations of condensed tannin in bract samples with 2-mm-diameter lesions than in samples with lesions <0.5 mm (equivalent to catechin concentrations of 59 and 13 mg·g-1 fresh mass, respectively). No tannin bodies were observed in parallel samples of healthy-appearing bracts in which only trace concentrations of condensed tannins were measured (0.2 mg·g-1 fresh mass). The evidence suggests an association between condensed tannin accumulation in localized areas of the bract and the early appearance of bract necrosis symptoms.

scholarly journals Mouldy, musty earthy off-odour of apple fruits – Short communication

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 44-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kaack
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate Solution ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Fruits

Chemical compounds identification that cause the mouldy, musty and earthy off-odours of apple fruit stored in controlled atmosphere at low temperature for several months has been studied. Compounds with off-odour were extracted from cv. Golden Delicious apple peel using ether and purified on a silica-aluminium column with washing using a sodium carbonate solution. Presence of compounds with mouldy, musty and earthy off-odour in extracts and washings was verified using a sensory panel with four members intensively trained in identification and description of the odour throughout the whole analytical process. Separation of compounds in the final extract by gas chromatography showed that the odour was associated with five peaks associated with oxidation products of &alpha;-farnesene. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Condensed tannins in sainfoin. II. Occurrence and changes during leaf development

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1540-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Lees ◽  
M. Y. Gruber ◽  
N. H. Suttill
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Onobrychis Viciifolia ◽  
Mature Phase

A histological study examined condensed tannin (CT) formation in plant tissue samples taken from the meristematic area of very young sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) seedlings and from leaflets sampled at various stages of development in mature plants growing in the greenhouse. Light and electron microscopy revealed no CT in the seedling meristem and leaf primordia, but CTs were seen very early in leaf development forming first in the vacuoles of discrete cells of the abaxial subepidermal layer when the leaflets were recognizable, but still folded. Immature leaflets collected from the growing point of a mature sainfoin plant show similar CT formation with the abaxial cell vacuoles filled with CT when the new leaves have reached the 90°-fold stage. As the leaflets unfold and mature, CTs begin to appear in the vacuoles of small, but discrete cells in the adaxial subepidermal layer while the tannin-containing cells in the abaxial subepidermal layer begin to lose CT. The CT continues to increase in the adaxial layer until typical enlarged tannin idioblasts or sacs are observed at full leaflet expansion and maturity. By this stage, the vacuoles in the abaxial layer are almost empty. In senescing leaflet samples collected from the leaf rachis attached to the last and second to last node near the base of the plant, the cells in both subepidermal layers have lost the majority of the CT that was originally formed. At senescence all tannin-containing cells appear as empty shells. We speculate that a finite amount of CT is formed in the two subepidermal layers of new leaves at different stages of early leaf development, does not increase during the mature phase, and is catabolized in older leaves and during senescence. Key words: condensed tannins, sainfoin, Onobrychis viciifolia, leaf development.

scholarly journals MdBBX21, a B-Box Protein, Positively Regulates Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple Peel

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Zhen-Zhen Zhu ◽  
Dong Qu ◽  
Bo-Chen Wang ◽  
Ni-Ni Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Two Hybrid

The red coloration of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is due to the accumulation of anthocyanins in the fruit peel. Light is essential for anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. In this study, we performed a transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of apple fruit exposed to light after unbagging. The identified differentially expressed genes included MdBBX21, which is homologous to Arabidopsis BBX21, suggesting it may be involved in light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, MdBBX21 was localized in the nucleus and its gene was expressed earlier than MdMYB1 in apple peel treated with light. Overexpressing MdBBX21 in Arabidopsis and apple calli under light increased anthocyanin accumulation. Dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that MdBBX21 binds to the MdHY5, MdBBX20, and MdBBX22-1/2 promoters and induces expression. At the same time, MdHY5 can also activate the expression of MdBBX21. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that MdBBX21 can interact with MdHY5. This interaction can significantly enhance MdMYB1 promoter activity. These findings clarify the molecular mechanism by which MdBBX21 positively regulates light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple.

The Ability of Polyethylene Glycol to Enhance the Digestion of Tropical Forage Legumes of Varying Tannin Content

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
A.C. Longland ◽  
M.K. Theodorou ◽  
S.J. Listerl ◽  
P. Morris ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Fibre Fraction

Condensed tannins have been implicated in reducing the nutritive value of potentially important feedstuffs, largely through reducing protein and fibre digestion. Tannins can mediate their effects directly by binding to the protein or fibre fraction rendering them resistant to digestion, or indirectly by binding with digestive enzymes, preventing their catalytic action. These adverse effects of tannins, however, can be mitigated by the use of agents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) which form complexes with condensed tannins rendering them less effective as protein and fibre-binding agents. In this study, the effects of polyethylene glycol on (a) the in vitro fermentability and (b) the digestibility of the fibre fraction (= non-starch polysaccharide; NSP) of leaves of six tropical forage legumes varying in condensed tannin content was investigated.The species used, chosen for their varying tannin contents, were Sesbania goetzei (SG), S. seban (SS), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Dioclea guianensis (DG) Calliandra sp. (C) and Tadehagi sp. (T23).

scholarly journals Foliar condensed tannin levels in lotus species growing on limed and unlimed soils in South-Eastern Australia

1990 ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
W.M. Kelman ◽  
G.J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Tannin Concentration ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agronomic Features

Condensed tannin concentrations (% of dryweight) were measured in leaves of 22 accessions of Lotus corniculatus, 10 accessions of L. pedunculatus, 2 accessions of L. tenuis, and 1 accession of L. subbiflorus from plants growing on limed (pH = 5.2) and unlimed (pH = 4.3) soils near Canberra, A.C.T. There was a non-significant decrease in the mean condensed tannin concentration due to liming. The differences between species and between accessions within species were significant. For the L. corniculatus entries the range of tannin concentrations over the limed and unlimed sites was 0.15-7.28%, with a mean of 2.09%. The highest concentration was found in the otherwise promising accession CPI 66414. L. pedunculatus accessions ranged from 2.53-10.72% in tannin content, with a mean of 5.99%. Two Portuguese accessions that have promising agronomic features for coastal east Australian pastures had unacceptably high tannin levels above 7.50%. Genotypic differences accounted for a large proportion of the total variability for tannin production, so there are good prospects for the improvement of these species by selection and breeding. Keywords: Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, L. tenuis, L. subbiflorus, condensed tannins

Early Onset of Poinsettia Bract Necrosis is Associated with Condensed Tannin Accumulation

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 486a-486
Author(s):  
R.J. McAvoy ◽  
B.B. Bible ◽  
M.R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Dense Deposits ◽  
Trace Concentrations

The early onset of bract necrosis in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotzch) is characterized by small dark-stained spots that precede the development of enlarged necrotic lesions. Electron micrographs of adaxial epidermal and subepidermal tissues with early symptoms of necrosis revealed large, electron dense deposits in cell vacuoles. These spherical bodies resembled condensed tannins observed in the epidermal tissues of peach and apple fruit. Chemical analysis of bract tissues showed higher condensed tannin concentrations in bract samples with 2 mm diameter lesions than in samples with lesions less than 0.5 mm (equivalent to catechin concentrations of 59 and 13 mg·g–1 fresh mass, respectively). Tannin bodies were not observed in micrographs from parallel samples of healthy appearing bracts, and chemical analysis revealed only trace concentrations of condensed tannins in these tissues (0.2 mg·g–1 fresh mass). The evidence suggests that condensed tannins accumulate in affected cells at the earliest observable stages of bract necrosis.

scholarly journals Association of edaphoclimatic characteristics and variability of condensed tannin content in species from Caatinga

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayanne Thalita de Almeida Souza ◽  
Dulciene Karla de Andrade Silva ◽  
Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Harley Dean Naumann ◽  
André Luiz Rodrigues Magalhães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Tannin Content

scholarly journals Effects of condensed tannins towards dairy caprine gastrointestinal nematodes

2019 ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Suarez VH ◽  
Olmos LH ◽  
Martinez GM ◽  
Sandoval GV ◽  
Alfaro EJ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Made In

In order to evaluate condensed tannins (CT) effect on dairy goat gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) under a grazing and confined systems, two experiments (E1 and E2) were made. On both, goats were kept in two groups of 10 animals each. Groups were: control, without treatment (CG) and CT supplemented (CTG) daily with 25 g (1,25%) in E1 and 75 g (2%) in E2. During the E1, feeding was based on Lucerne (Medicago sativa) grazing and supplementation with 500 g of corn grain and during the E2, stabled milking goats ate 500 g of corn grain and ad libitum lucerne hay. Biweekly, faecal egg counts (FEC) and coprocultures were made. In addition, FAMACHA© technique, body condition score (BCSS) and ingested food were recorded each two weeks during the 90 days (E1) and 76 (E2) days of trial. The FEC values in most of the study were low and no significant differences (p<0.78) were detected between groups. Mean FEC were 534 (CTG) and 357 (CG) during E1 and 509 (CTG) and 484 (CG) during E2. The predominant NGI genera were Trichostrongylussp. (48.1%), Haemonchus sp. (39.9%) and Teladorsagia sp. (12.0%). FAMACHA© scores did not show significant (p<0.41) differences between groups, but the CG (median=3) showed a BCS significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of CTG (median=2.5). The average milk production did not present statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.57), between sampling dates (p<0.23) and group x sampling dates (p<0.65). Under the conditions of these studies 25g or 75 g of CT in the diet had no anthelmintic or productive effects. Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematode; Dairy goat; Condensed tannin; Production

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