Growth and morphology of rhizome cuttings and seedlings of salal (Gaultheria shallon): effects of four light intensities

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1702-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Huffman ◽  
John C. Zasada ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II
Keyword(s):  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Gaultheria Shallon ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Light Quantity ◽  
Aerial Stem ◽  
Rhizome Biomass

Rhizome cuttings and seed of salal (Gaultheria shallon) were cultured in nursery beds at four light intensities (20, 50, and 70%, and full sunlight) created by various thicknesses of shade cloth. After each of two growing seasons, growth and morphological characteristics were compared among light intensities and between life stages. Under all light intensities, rhizome cuttings produced aerial stems and new rhizomes within 1 year and produced fruit within 2 years. Seedlings produced numerous aerial stems but few rhizomes. In general, 70% light induced the greatest production of aerial stems and rhizomes for both cuttings and seedlings. In 70% light, cuttings averaged more than three times the number of rhizomes and rhizome biomass and nearly twice the aerial stem biomass of cuttings in 20% light. Morphology of aerial stems, rhizomes, leaves, and seedling canopies was also affected by light quantity. Aerial stems produced by cuttings were shortest (9.9 cm) in full light and rhizome lengths were longer (27.6 cm) in 50% light than in 20% or full light. Specific leaf area of both cuttings and seedlings was highest (99.9 cm2/g and 146 cm2/g, respectively) under the most shaded treatment. The implications of these results with respect to the ecology of salal under field conditions are discussed. Key words: Gaultheria shallon, seedlings, rhizome cuttings, shade treatment, morphology, vegetative growth.

Regeneration of salal (Gaultheria shallon) in the central Coast Range forests of Oregon

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Huffman ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
John C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Gaultheria Shallon ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Aerial Stem ◽  
Rhizome Biomass

Regeneration of salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) by seedling establishment and vegetative expansion was examined under various forest conditions in the central Coast Range of Oregon. Size and expansion rate of individual clonal fragments were negatively correlated with overstory stand density (p ≤ 0.039). As overstory basal area increased from 25 to 75 m2/ha, mean annual growth percentage of clone rhizome systems decreased from 23.7 to 0.0% and mean total rhizome length decreased from 102 to 0.89 m. Interclonal competition in dense clumps of salal apparently causes rhizomes to die and clones to fragment. In these patches, rhizome biomass and density, aerial stem biomass and density, and total biomass were negatively correlated with overstory density (p ≤ 0.01). For example, in clearcuts, salal clumps had up to 177.7 m rhizome/m2 and 346 stems/m2, whereas patches under dense overstories had as few as 10.6 m rhizome/m2 and 19 stems/m2. Aerial stem populations had uneven-age distributions of aerial stems in all overstory conditions. This structure is apparently maintained through annual production of new ramets. Salal seedling establishment rates were significantly affected by study site location, overstory density, and substrate (p ≤ 0.05). Two-year survival was highest on rotten logs and stumps in thinned stands. Key words: clonal morphology, clone populations, Douglas-fir forests, Gaultheria shallon, seedling establishment, vegetative expansion.

EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF LINGONBERRIES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA S. HOLLOWAY ◽  
ROBERT M. VAN VELDHUIZEN ◽  
CECIL STUSHNOFF ◽  
DAVID K. WILDUNG
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Number Of Stems

Lingonberries were grown in Fairbanks, Alaska for up to three growing seasons in containers under four treatments: 0, 44, 56 and 73% shade provided by various thicknesses of polypropylene shade cloth. Following three growing seasons, plants grown without shade produced the greatest number of stems and dry weight per plant. Leaf size and number of leaves per stem did not differ among treatments. Leafy rhizome branches were longer under 73% shade than under higher light intensities. Rhizomes were longer without shade than under lower light intensities. The results indicate that for maximum growth and dry matter accumulation lingonberries should be grown in full sunlight.

Changes in specific leaf area and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency associated with physiological acclimation of two hybrid poplar clones to intraclonal competition

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lahcen Benomar ◽  
Annie DesRochers ◽  
Guy R. Larocque
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Poplar Clones ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Intraclonal Competition ◽  
Physiological Acclimation ◽  
Two Hybrid

Photosynthesis is the most important process driving productivity, and its acclimation to intraclonal competition is not well understood in hybrid poplars. The aim of this study was to examine the physiological response of the crown of two hybrid poplar clones, BT747215 ( Populus balsamifera L. × Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray) and MB915319 ( Populus maximowiczii A. Henry × P. balsamifera ), to intraclonal competition. We measured light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax), leaf N content on an area basis (Narea), specific leaf area (SLA), and photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) for three successive growing seasons on trees planted at three spacings (1 m × 1 m, 3 m × 3 m, and 5 m × 5 m). Crowns were sampled at 10 locations corresponding to vertical and horizontal subdivisions. Significant changes took place at the crown level in the closest spacing (1 m × 1 m) compared with the wider spacings (3 m × 3 m and 5 m × 5 m): (i) 30% decrease in Narea, (ii) 20% increase in SLA, and (iii) 40% increase in PNUE. The slope of the Amax–Narea curve was greatest in the closest spacing, indicating a greater change in Amax per unit change in Narea. The two hybrid poplar clones had a similar morphophysiological response to changes of spacing. Both clones showed physiological acclimation of their foliage in response to intraclonal competition through modulation of SLA and PNUE.

Paralarval and juvenile stages as a proxy for cephalopod diversity in the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas ecoregion, southeast Paific Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-280
Author(s):  
Sergio A Carrasco ◽  
Andrea I Varela ◽  
Christian M Ibáñez ◽  
Javier Sellanes ◽  
Martin Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Marine Park ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Juan Fernández Archipelago

Southeast Pacific (SEP) oceanic islands are characterized by their extreme isolation and high degree of endemism. To date, most research has focused on species composition and distributions, with little information available on early life stages. In this study, we provide new records of early life stages of cephalopods based on planktonic collections carried out during October and November 2016 around three oceanic islands: San Félix, San Ambrosio (Desventuradas Islands; 26.3°S, 79.8°W), and Alejandro Selkirk (Juan Fernández Archipelago; 33.7°S, 80.7°W), which are part of the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park, the largest marine park in the Americas. Twenty-four paralarvae and juveniles were obtained and identified based on morphological characteristics [i.e., mantle length (ML), chromatophore patterns, number and shape of suckers on arms and tentacles] and DNA barcoding [i.e., mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences]. Six families were recorded, including Brachioteuthidae, Onychoteuthidae, Tremoctopodidae, Octopodidae, Octopoteuthidae, and Lycoteuthidae. Most individuals (92%) corresponded to larger stages of 4–12 mm ML (Brachioteuthidae, Onychoteuthidae, Tremoctopodidae, and Lycoteuthidae), and 8% were newly hatched paralarvae of around 1 mm ML (Octopodidae and Octopoteuthidae). The DNA barcoding approach validated the identity of Brachioteuthis sp., Onykia aff. robsoni , Octopus mimus, and Tremoctopus sp., with two specific identities (Octopoteuthidae and Lycoteuthis sp.) remaining to be evaluated. ese records provide new information on cephalopod diversity and distribution around SEP islands, adding to the current knowledge about zoogeographic patterns of this group and evidencing their potential relationships with continental or nearby habitats.

Agronomic Performance of New Potato Genotypes Submitted to Increasing Doses of NPK

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Keli Cristina Dos Santos ◽  
Gentil Carneiro Gabardo ◽  
Jackson Kawakami ◽  
Aline Genú ◽  
Sara Passos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Tuber Number ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

Aims: Estimate the morphological characteristics of potato genotypes grown with different doses of NPK fertilizer 4-14-8. Study Design: The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with subdivided plots and three replicates. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Guarapuava – PR, Brazil, during the growing seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Methodology: In the main plots the doses of 0, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1 of NPK fertilizer 4-14-8 were arranged and in the subplots the genotypes (Ágata, BRS Camilla and clone C0205). Were evaluated: The leaf area index (LAI), percentage of light absorption, number of tubers, fresh mass of tubers. In the first agricultural year the evaluations were performed at 25 and 45 days after the emergency (DAE) and in the second seasson at 28 and 48 DAE. Interaction between potato genotypes and fertilizer rates for LAI was observed at 45 DAE in 2013/14 and absorbance at 25 DAE in 2013/14. For the seasson 2013/14, the genotypes showed a significant difference for LAI, absorbance, number of tubers and fresh mass of tubers at 25, LAI and fresh mass of tubers at 45 DAE, clone C0205 presented the largest differences for these characteristics. Fertilizer doses did not influence LAI, absorbance at 25 DAE and 45 DAE in 2013/14 and, at 2014/15 at 28 DAE, there was no response for tuber number and LAI, and at 48 DAE for tuber number, absorbance. There was no significant interaction between fertilizer doses and potato plant genotypes for the data on number of primary stems and number of secondary stems in both seassons The genotypes responded to NPK fertilizer doses 4-14-8 for LAI, and clone C0205 presented the best results. The genotypes responded to the light absorption percentage, with C0205 presenting the best results, so that plants with greater leaf area presented greater light absorption. The genotype C0205 presents greater productive capacity when compared to the Agata and Camila genotypes, being evident the greater number and fresh mass of tubers produced.

Pteroptyx maipo Ballantyne, a new species of bent-winged firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Hong Kong, and its relevance to firefly biology and conservation

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2931 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
LESLEY BALLANTYNE ◽  
XIN HUA FU ◽  
CHUN-HAT SHIH ◽  
CHUI-YU CHENG ◽  
VOR YIU
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
New Species ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
First Record ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Mating Pair ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
A New Species

Pteroptyx maipo sp. nov. is the first record of the genus Pteroptyx Olivier from mainland China and Hong Kong and represents the most northerly record for this genus. The description includes all life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult, and covers special structures such as the female bursa plates and male copulatory clamp. Details of habitat, male courtship flash patterns and male-female courtship behaviour are described. This species is the second in the genus Pteroptyx found to use a copulatory clamp, which functions to wedge the mating pair together. A complete clamp however does not appear necessary for successful insemination. Bursa plates hold the spermatophore partially projecting into a spermatophore-digesting gland. Other functions for the plates are investigated and discussed. The deflexed elytral apex appears after eclosion in the adult male. Mechanisms for the loss of ventrite 8 in the male abdomen are explored. A list of the 30 Pteroptyx species recognised here, with habitats, some morphological characteristics and a key to species of the Oriental Pteroptyx are provided.

scholarly journals Life stages and morphological variations of Limnocythere inopinata (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Lake Jiang-Co (northern Tibet): a bioculture experiment

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1011 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Can Wang ◽  
Hailei Wang ◽  
Xingxing Kuang ◽  
Ganlin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Northern Tibetan Plateau ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Growth ◽  
Morphological Differences

Limnocythere inopinata (Baird, 1843) is a Holarctic species, abundant in a number of Recent and fossil ostracod assemblages, and has many important taxonomic and (paleo)ecological applications. However, the life cycle and morphological characteristics of the living L. inopinata are still unclear. A bioculture experiment was designed to study life stages and morphological variations from stage A-8 to adult in this species. The living animals were collected from Lake Jiang-Co, in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Results reveal that this species possesses a special growth pattern with the maximum size increase occurring at the transition from the instars A-5 to A-4. The growth pattern deviates from Brooks’ rule and one population from Lake Dali, eastern Mongolian Plateau. This suggests that the life history of L. inopinata may be influenced by environmental factors. Some morphological differences between Lake Jiang-Co and European populations of L. inopinata are also uncovered. Therefore, a detailed morphological description of this population is provided, but refrain from erecting a new species at the present stage because those differences appear to be inconsistent.

Morphometric and morphological characteristics for identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961 (Nematoda: Longidorinae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Sutherland ◽  
T. G. Dunn ◽  
N. Bruce F. Cousens
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Clear Area ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Tail Shape ◽  
Tail Tip

Several morphometric and morphological characteristics were evaluated to determine their usefulness in identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri. The stages can be identified by length of the body, onchiostylet, and replacement stylet of larvae. These values increase lineally from first-stage larva to adult, and fall into five groups corresponding to the nematodes' four larval stages and adult. Each stage has a specific tail-tip shape, which gradually changes from subacute in the first and second stages to subdigitate in adults. At lower magnifications, the body length and the tail shape, used in combination, are best for identification. First-stage larvae also have the replacement stylet overlapping the stylet extension, distinguishing them from the second stage. Frequently the immature vagina of fourth-stage larvae appears as a clear area in the body; this helps to separate them from the third stage.

scholarly journals Yield and nutritive value of the silage of corn intercropped with tropical perennial grasses

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nídia Raquel Costa ◽  
Marcelo Andreotti ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
César Gustavo da Rocha Lima ◽  
André Michel de Castilhos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Guinea Grass

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare the yield and nutritive value of the silage of corn intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu') or guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Tanzânia') with those of the silage of monocropped corn, as well as to evaluate the pasture established in the intercropping systems during two growing seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012), in low-altitude Brazilian Cerrado. The treatments consisted of three cropping systems: monocropped corn, corn intercropped with palisade grass, and corn intercropped with guinea grass, with four replicates. Intercropping decreased corn forage dry matter yield for silage; however, due to the addition of grass, total dry matter yield (corn + grass) was similar between treatments. Intercropping also did not negatively affect corn production components and morphological characteristics. The cropping systems provided silages with good nutritive values, and the inclusion of tropical forages increased the silage fiber contents. Intercropping corn with tropical perennial grasses is a viable option for producing large quantities of silage with good nutritive value. The forage yield (silage + pasture) of these intercropping systems is similar to that of monocropped corn in tropical regions and has the advantage of providing a pasture in the off-season.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis on the Application of Polymer Matrix Composites Containing Al2O3 for Automotive Lamp Reflector

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4525
Author(s):  
Young Shin Kim ◽  
Jae Kyung Kim ◽  
Seung Jun Na ◽  
Euy Sik Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Polybutylene Terephthalate ◽  
Light Quantity

As automotive lamps are highly integrated, the heat generated from bulbs reduces the light quantity and lifespan of the bulbs. Numerous studies have been actively conducted worldwide on heat dissipation designs and material modifications for heat release. In this study, an analysis was carried out of the mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics of Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) and Polyamide (PA6) matrix composites containing alumina filler; further, their flowability and injection moldability were also studied. The PA6 matrix that was subjected to an addition of 60% alumina was selected as the sample. To compare the performances of the selected composites with that of the fog lamp reflector manufactured with conventional PBT, fog lamp reflectors were fabricated. When 60% alumina was added, the thermal conductivity was improved. Thus, the maximum temperature of the lamp reflector was reduced, and the heat was transferred to the surroundings; this was in contrast to the fog lamp reflector fabricated with conventional PBT.

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