Regeneration of salal (Gaultheria shallon) in the central Coast Range forests of Oregon

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Huffman ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
John C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Gaultheria Shallon ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Aerial Stem ◽  
Rhizome Biomass

Regeneration of salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) by seedling establishment and vegetative expansion was examined under various forest conditions in the central Coast Range of Oregon. Size and expansion rate of individual clonal fragments were negatively correlated with overstory stand density (p ≤ 0.039). As overstory basal area increased from 25 to 75 m2/ha, mean annual growth percentage of clone rhizome systems decreased from 23.7 to 0.0% and mean total rhizome length decreased from 102 to 0.89 m. Interclonal competition in dense clumps of salal apparently causes rhizomes to die and clones to fragment. In these patches, rhizome biomass and density, aerial stem biomass and density, and total biomass were negatively correlated with overstory density (p ≤ 0.01). For example, in clearcuts, salal clumps had up to 177.7 m rhizome/m2 and 346 stems/m2, whereas patches under dense overstories had as few as 10.6 m rhizome/m2 and 19 stems/m2. Aerial stem populations had uneven-age distributions of aerial stems in all overstory conditions. This structure is apparently maintained through annual production of new ramets. Salal seedling establishment rates were significantly affected by study site location, overstory density, and substrate (p ≤ 0.05). Two-year survival was highest on rotten logs and stumps in thinned stands. Key words: clonal morphology, clone populations, Douglas-fir forests, Gaultheria shallon, seedling establishment, vegetative expansion.

Long-Term Development of Regeneration Under Longleaf Pine Seedtree and Shelterwood Stands

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Distribution Characteristic ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Potential Impact

Abstract Well-stocked mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands were cut to five residual basal areas in 1957, namely 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45 ft² per ac, to observe the effect of stand density on seed production and seedling establishment. Seedlings, mainly from the 1955 or 1961seed crops, were established in treated stands. All pines on net 0.9 ac plots were remeasured in 1991 to determine the effect of residual pine density on development of the regeneration. Even the lightest residual overstory converted the structure of 29- to 35- yr-old ingrowth into the reverse-Jdiameter class distribution characteristic of uneven-aged stands. Four or six residual trees, now comprising 7 to 10 ft² basal area (ba)/ac, reduced ingrowth basal area to about half that of same-aged stands released from overstory competition. Merchantable volume of ingrowth under theselow residual densities averaged 40% of that in released stands. Mean annual per ac volume increment of ingrowth averaged 21 to 22 ft³ under the 9 ft² density but did not exceed 7 ft³ under any residual density above this. The potential impact of significant growth reductionsshould be taken into account when considering uneven-aged management methods for longleaf pine. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):10-15.

scholarly journals Variability Assessment for Volume, Biomass and Carbon Stock in Cedrus deodara (Roxb) G.Don. Forests of Garhwal Himalaya

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Rathod Digvijaysinh ◽  
Yogesh Kumar ◽  
Gaurav Chand Ramola ◽  
Dhaval Prajapati ◽  
C. S. Dhanai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Ground Biomass

Deodar is typically gregarious and is usually found in pure stands. It is one of the most important timber species in the forests of North Indian Himalayas. The objective of the present study was the assessment of variation in volume and biomass along with the carbon holding capacity of different deodar forests. The present study was undertaken in ten different forests sites, assessed by laying out three 0.1 ha sample plots randomly on each location. Total enumeration of trees within the sample plot was done by measuring girth and height of all the trees. Further, data collected from stand were computed for dbh, basal area, volume, stand density and canopy cover. The above ground biomass densities (AGBD), below ground biomass density (BGBD), total biomass density (TBD), total carbon density (TCD) were examined for variation of biomass and carbon stock. The results derived from field data during the study revealed that the values range from 42.10 to 57.07 cm (diameter at breast height), 1.37 to 2.84 m2 trees-1 (basal area), 19.68 to 37.64 m (height), 1.44 m3 tree-1 to 4.27 m3 tree-1 (volume), 227 to 407 individual ha-1 (stand density) and 57.91% to 80.60% (canopy cover) respectively. The values of AGBD (428.57 to 1279.51 Mg ha-1), BGBD (97.41 to 256.14 Mg ha-1), TBD (525.98 to 1535.65 Mg ha-1), and TCD (767.83 to 262.99 Mg ha-1) were recorded in different study sites and highest values was observed in Kanasar-I site. On the basis of above results it can be concluded that the healthy stand growth means presence of trees in all diameter classes. The Kanasar-I has more prominent capacity to storage biomass and carbon stock. Deodar being a slow growing conifer will provide a long term and high carbon storage than broadleaf species forest. Therefore, protecting deodar forest would have the largest impact, per unit area, on reducing carbon emission from deforestation.

Growth and morphology of rhizome cuttings and seedlings of salal (Gaultheria shallon): effects of four light intensities

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1702-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Huffman ◽  
John C. Zasada ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II
Keyword(s):  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Gaultheria Shallon ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Light Quantity ◽  
Aerial Stem ◽  
Rhizome Biomass

Rhizome cuttings and seed of salal (Gaultheria shallon) were cultured in nursery beds at four light intensities (20, 50, and 70%, and full sunlight) created by various thicknesses of shade cloth. After each of two growing seasons, growth and morphological characteristics were compared among light intensities and between life stages. Under all light intensities, rhizome cuttings produced aerial stems and new rhizomes within 1 year and produced fruit within 2 years. Seedlings produced numerous aerial stems but few rhizomes. In general, 70% light induced the greatest production of aerial stems and rhizomes for both cuttings and seedlings. In 70% light, cuttings averaged more than three times the number of rhizomes and rhizome biomass and nearly twice the aerial stem biomass of cuttings in 20% light. Morphology of aerial stems, rhizomes, leaves, and seedling canopies was also affected by light quantity. Aerial stems produced by cuttings were shortest (9.9 cm) in full light and rhizome lengths were longer (27.6 cm) in 50% light than in 20% or full light. Specific leaf area of both cuttings and seedlings was highest (99.9 cm2/g and 146 cm2/g, respectively) under the most shaded treatment. The implications of these results with respect to the ecology of salal under field conditions are discussed. Key words: Gaultheria shallon, seedlings, rhizome cuttings, shade treatment, morphology, vegetative growth.

Root biomass of regenerating aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands of different densities in Alberta

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie DesRochers ◽  
Victor J Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
North Central ◽  
Living Root ◽  
Underground Biomass

In north-central Alberta, 12 plots (9 m2) were hydraulically excavated in young trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands (5–10 years old) of different sucker density to quantify the effects of sucker density on the parental root system, on the formation of new roots and on the growth of suckers. All roots were collected and divided into live and dead parental roots and new root categories. Size and age of parent roots at the time of suckering were determined. Total biomass ranged from 1 to 18 t/ha of live roots. Living root biomass was proportional to stand density and leaf area index (LAI). Low-density stands had a higher proportion of dead roots. Suckers in plots with more parental root biomass/sucker had greater height growth. Root/shoot ratios ranged from 0.46 to 3.52 but were not correlated with stand densities. Stands with larger basal area of suckers and greater mean parent root diameter produced more biomass of new roots. This research suggests that young sucker-origin aspen stands support a large underground biomass and that high sucker densities and LAI are required to prevent loss of parental root biomass.

Assessment of Biomass and Carbon Stock of planted teak forest in Terai region of Kumaun Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Tanuja Gahlot ◽  
◽  
Prachi Joshi ◽  
Y.S. Rawat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Teak Plantation ◽  
Forest Division

The ability of forests in atmospheric carbon sequestration is increasingly gaining attention. Present study deals with the estimation of biomass and carbon stock of the teak plantation in the terai central forest division in Kumaun, Uttarakhand State of India. Very few scientific studies were done regarding the teak plantation and the estimation of its biomass in Kumaun. Therefore this study was carried out in this region to assess the role played by teak plantation in climate change. The information regarding the changes in pattern of carbon storage is vital and important because it can be used by government and policymakers to predict the deposit pattern for changing climate. Three sites i.e., Kamola block (Site I), Kamola beat (Site II) and East Gadappu beat (Site III) were selected for the study. Large scale variations in biomass and carbon stock were noted among all three sites. Site III (East Gadappu) showed the maximum biomass and carbon stock (297.03 tha-1 and 143.18 tha-1) followed by site I (Kamola block) (241.9 tha -1and 117.27 t ha-1) and site II ( Kamola beat ) (175.76 t ha-1and 85.79 t ha-1). Although stand density and total basal area of the forest showed almost similar value on all three sites, still the differences in biomass and carbon stock at all sites indicated the positive contribution of biodiversity as shown in the results and negative implications of human disturbance to the forest.

scholarly journals Stand structure links up canopy processes and forest management

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Toomas Frey
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Mean Values

Stand structure links up canopy processes and forest management Above- and belowground biomass and net primary production (Pn) of a maturing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest (80 years old) established on brown soil in central Estonia were 227, 50 and 19.3 Mg ha correspondingly. Stand structure is determined mostly by mean height and stand density, used widely in forestry, but both are difficult to measure with high precision in respect of canopy processes in individual trees. However, trunk form quotient (q2) and proportion of living crown in relation to tree height are useful parameters allowing describe stand structure tree by tree. Based on 7 model trees, leaf unit mass assimilation activity and total biomass respiration per unit mass were determined graphically as mean values for the whole tree growth during 80 years of age. There are still several possible approaches not used carefully enough to integrate experimental work at instrumented towers with actual forestry measurement. Dependence of physiological characteristics on individual tree parameters is the missing link between canopy processes and forest management.

Tree diversity and natural regeneration in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest of Panna Tiger Reserve, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talat Parveen ◽  
Orus Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Aegle Marmelos ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Tiger Reserve ◽  
Dry Deciduous Forest

Abstract The disturbance is a major factor driving the decline of tropical forests and their associated fauna. Henceforth, basic information on species diversity would be useful for assessing the success of management in the fragmented and human-disturbed landscape. We accounted for tree species diversity and their regeneration pattern from the tropical dry deciduous forest of Panna Tiger Reserve (PTR), India. Considering this, random vegetation sampling along with transects was carried out in different ranges of PTR. It is spread over in an area of 2998.98 km2 that situated in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh and distributed in Panna and Chhatarpur district. The tropical dry deciduous forest inventory in the 10.6132-ha area yielded a total of 46 woody species of > 10 cm GBH, belonged to 23 Families and 40 genera. The regeneration represented 27 species of < 30 cm height (seedling) under 16 families and 24 genera while sapling, which ranges from > 30cm to 1.3m, showed 24 species of 13 families and 32 genera. The Shannon diversity of Trees, seedlings, and saplings was 2.684, 2.525, and 2.401 respectively. A total stand density and basal area of 2391 stems of trees were estimated as 225.285 stand ha− 1 and 90.016 m2ha− 1 respectively. Tectona grandis scored the highest IVI value of 59.44 (19.81% of total IVI for all species) among the dominated tree species, followed by Acacia catechu (24.94), Abrus precatorius (23.25), Zizyphus xylopyra (22.94), Anogeissus latifolia (22.16) and Lagerstroemia parviflora (22.18). Nearly 23.913% of the total number of species was recorded as rare species. The highest seedling density was obtained for Diospyros melanoxylon followed by Zizyphus xylopyra, Aegle marmelos, Wrightia tintoria, and Tectona grandis, which declined in the subsequent sapling stage and showed a reverse pattern. Hence, the highest sapling density was recorded for Tectona grandis then Aegle marmelos, Wrightia tintoria, Diospyros melanoxylon, and Zizyphus xylopyra. A total of 36.956% of tree species were found to fail to establish in the community because species were represented by only adult or tree stage that listed as Not-regenerating. In terms of the most diverse family among the plant categories; viz. Tree, Seedling, Sapling, Fabaceae had the highest species richness. The highest tree stand density (127.576 stand ha− 1) was recorded in the girth class of 31-60cm (48.687% of the total tree stand density) followed by 10-30cm and 61-90cm. Likewise, a total basal area of 20.824 m2ha− 1 was occupied by 31-60cm that contributed 23.051% of the total basal area, so our data on the population structure of forest shows a similar trend wherein the distribution curve exponentially decreases with increasing girth classes that indicates not only a mid-successional forest but also a human-disturbed.

Forest Regrowth on the Cumberland Plateau and Implications for Productive Management

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Cumberland Plateau ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Commercial Species

Abstract An old-growth forest and a 35-year-old, second-growth forest on the Cumberland Plateau were studied to compare species composition and structure. Species composition and total basal area of the two stands did not differ, although total stand density was 19 percent lower and basal area of commercial species was 25 percent higher in the old-growth than in the second-growth stand. Analysis of size-class distributions showed that both stands were best represented by an inverse J-shaped distribution, which best describes old-age stands. The rapid regeneration of the second-growth stand seems to be the result of minimal disturbance to accumulated nutrient pools in the soil. The importance of these accumulated nutrient pools and implications for forest management on the Cumberland Plateau are discussed.

Stand growth responses after fertilization for thinned lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and spruce in forests of interior British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1482
Author(s):  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Bianca N.I. Eskelson ◽  
Louise de Montigny ◽  
Catherine A. Bealle Statland ◽  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Responses

This study was conducted to quantify growth responses of three major commercial conifer species (lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and spruce (white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière))) to various fertilizer blends in interior British Columbia, Canada. Over 25 years, growth-response data were repeatedly collected across 46 installations. The fertilizer blends were classified into three groups: nitrogen only; nitrogen and sulfur combined; and nitrogen, sulfur, and boron combined. The growth responses for stand volume, basal area, and top height were calculated through absolute and relative growth rate ratios relative to a controlled group. Fertilizer blend, inverse years since fertilization, site index, stand density at fertilization, and their interactions with the fertilizer blend were used as explanatory variables. The magnitude and significance of volume and basal area growth responses to fertilization differed by species, fertilizer-blend groups, and stand-condition variables (i.e., site index and stand density). In contrast, the response in top height growth did not differ among fertilization blends, with the exception of the nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer subgroup for lodgepole pine. The models developed in this study will be incorporated into the current growth and yield fertilization module (i.e., Table Interpolation Program for Stand Yields (TIPSY)), thereby supporting guidance of fertilization applications in interior forests in British Columbia.

scholarly journals Use of Modified Reineke’s Stand Density Index in Predicting Growth and Survival of Chinese Fir Plantations

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongqing Zhang ◽  
Quang V Cao ◽  
Lele Lu ◽  
Hanchen Wang ◽  
Aiguo Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
The Self ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Stand Density Index

Abstract Stand density index (SDI) has played an important role in controlling stand stocking and modeling stand development in forest stands. Reineke’s SDI (SDI_R) is based on a constant slope of –1.605 for the self-thinning line. For Chinese fir plantations, however, it has been reported that the self-thinning slope varied with site and climate, rendering SDI_R questionable. Remeasured data from 48 plots distributed in Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces were used to develop models for prediction of stand survival and basal area, with SDI_R incorporated as a predictor variable. Also included in the evaluation were growth models based on self-thinning slopes estimated from two groups of sites (SDI_S) or from climate variables (SDI_C). Results indicated that models with climate-sensitive SDI (SDI_C) performed best, followed by SDI_S and SDI_R. The control models without SDI received the worst overall rank. Inclusion of climate-sensitive SDI in growth and survival models can therefore facilitate modeling of the relation between stand density and growth/survival under future climate-change conditions.

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