High temperature, darkness, and drought predispose black spruce seedlings to gray mold

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Zhang ◽  
J. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Drought Period

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. developed in seedlings of black spruce (Picea mariana BSP) that were subjected to high temperatures (30–45 °C) in darkness or to drought conditions immediately before inoculation with the pathogen (106 conidia/mL). Incidence and density of spore production of B. cinerea in needles of the treated seedlings increased, and chlorophyll content decreased, with duration of the preinoculation treatments. Gray mold did not develop in seedlings subjected to preinoculation high temperature in the light, and also failed to develop in seedlings that were kept at 1–20 °C in light or darkness with adequate water, inoculated with 103–107 conidia of B. cinerea/mL, then subjected to a range of postinoculation humid periods (0–48 h) at various constant temperatures (12, 20, and 28 °C) in light or darkness. Regression models were developed to describe the incidence and density of sporulation of B. cinerea and chlorophyll content in seedling needles as functions of the level and period of preinoculation high temperature plus darkness, preinoculation drought period, and seedling age (R2 = 0.45–0.95; p ≤ 0.01). It was concluded that high temperature in combination with darkness, and drought stress, predisposed the seedlings to gray mold. Key words: Picea mariana, Botrytis cinerea, predisposition, disease models.

Paclobutrazol protects black spruce seedlings against predisposition to gray mold induced by high temperature and drought

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G. Zhang ◽  
J.C. Sutton ◽  
R.A. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Fungicidal Action ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Stress Protection

Effects of paclobutrazol on the ability of high temperature and drought to predispose black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.R) seedlings to infection and sporulation of Botrytiscinerea Pers.:Fr. were examined. Paclobutrazol was applied as a soil drench at doses of 0, 20, and 40 mg/seedling pair on the first and third days of 2- and 4-week periods before the seedlings were subjected to darkness at 35 and 45 °C, or to drought, for various periods and inoculated with the pathogen. The paclobutrazol treatments markedly reduced sporulation incidence and the number of spores produced by the pathogen on needles of seedlings subjected to the environmental stresses for periods that marginally or moderately exceeded those needed for predisposition to B. cinerea. Sporulation in needles of paclobutrazol-treated seedlings increased substantially only when the stress treatments were relatively prolonged. The activity of paclobutrazol in suppressing effects of environmental predisposition of the seedlings to infection and sporulation of B. cinerea was considered to be mediated through stress protection as opposed to fungicidal action of the triazole.

scholarly journals Cyclophilin BcCyp2 Regulates Infection-Related Development to Facilitate Virulence of the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1694
Author(s):  
Jiao Sun ◽  
Chen-Hao Sun ◽  
Hao-Wu Chang ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Histone 3 ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Hyphal Morphology ◽  
Cellular Components

Cyclophilin (Cyp) and Ca2+/calcineurin proteins are cellular components related to fungal morphogenesis and virulence; however, their roles in mediating the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold on over 1000 plant species, remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that disruption of cyclophilin gene BcCYP2 did not impair the pathogen mycelial growth, osmotic and oxidative stress adaptation as well as cell wall integrity, but delayed conidial germination and germling development, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, reduced infection cushion (IC) formation, sclerotial production and virulence. Exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rescued the deficiency of IC formation of the ∆Bccyp2 mutants, and exogenous cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor targeting cyclophilins, altered hyphal morphology and prevented host-cell penetration in the BcCYP2 harboring strains. Moreover, calcineurin-dependent (CND) genes are differentially expressed in strains losing BcCYP2 in the presence of CsA, suggesting that BcCyp2 functions in the upstream of cAMP- and Ca2+/calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways. Interestingly, during IC formation, expression of BcCYP2 is downregulated in a mutant losing BcJAR1, a gene encoding histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase that regulates fungal development and pathogenesis, in B. cinerea, implying that BcCyp2 functions under the control of BcJar1. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into cyclophilins mediating the pathogenesis of B. cinerea and potential targets for drug intervention for fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Characterization of Postharvest Fungicide-Resistant Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Commercially Stored Apple Fruit

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Otilia Macarisin ◽  
Verneta L. Gaskins ◽  
Eunhee Park ◽  
Jiujiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Pose Control ◽  
First Time

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold and is an economically important postharvest pathogen of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Fludioxonil-sensitive B. cinerea isolates were collected in 2011 and 2013 from commercial storage in Pennsylvania. Eight isolates had values for effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth of 0.0004 to 0.0038 μg/ml for fludioxonil and were dual resistant to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole. Resistance was generated in vitro, following exposure to a sublethal dose of fludioxonil, in seven of eight dual-resistant B. cinerea isolates. Three vigorously growing B. cinerea isolates with multiresistance to postharvest fungicides were further characterized and found to be osmosensitive and retained resistance in the absence of selection pressure. A representative multiresistant B. cinerea strain caused decay on apple fruit treated with postharvest fungicides, which confirmed the in vitro results. The R632I mutation in the Mrr1 gene, associated with fludioxonil resistance in B. cinerea, was not detected in multipostharvest fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates, suggesting that the fungus may be using additional mechanisms to mediate resistance. Results from this study show for the first time that B. cinerea with dual resistance to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole can also rapidly develop resistance to fludioxonil, which may pose control challenges in the packinghouse environment and during long-term storage.

Clonal and nonclonal genetic structure of subarctic black spruce (Picea mariana) populations in Yukon territory

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marios Viktora ◽  
Rodney A. Savidge ◽  
Om P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Fire Disturbance ◽  
Clone Size ◽  
Flat Terrain ◽  
Individual Trees

Black spruce (Picea mariana) reproduces sexually from seeds and asexually by layering. There is a prevalent concept that clonal reproduction maintains populations of this species in the subarctic and arctic regions. We used microsatellite DNA markers of the nuclear genome to investigate the genetic structure of montane and subalpine black spruce populations from the Western Yukon Plateau in relation to this concept. Sixty individual trees at a minimum distance of 4 m from each other were sampled from each of four populations and individual trees were genotyped for eight microsatellite loci. Each of the 60 individuals from three montane pure black spruce populations growing on flat terrain at relatively low elevations had unique multilocus genotypes, indicating an absence of clonal structure in those populations. However, in an anthropologically undisturbed climax white spruce-dominated subalpine black spruce population on a northwest slope near Mount Nansen, the majority of the sampled individuals belonged to eight genetically distinct clones (genets). Clone size differed by altitude, the dominant genet being nearest the timberline–tundra ecotone. The results indicate that black spruce reproduction is variable and adaptive, being primarily sexual in flat-terrain montane populations previously subjected to fire disturbance, but mixed vegetative–sexual in the anthropogenically undisturbed subalpine population. This study is the first to employ molecular markers a priori to examine the mode of reproduction in natural black spruce populations.

The potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 produces fusaricidin-type compounds involved in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuen-Huang Tsai ◽  
Yu-Ting Chen ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang ◽  
Bo-Yi Lee ◽  
Chien-Jui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
New Variant

Paenibacillus polymyxa is a beneficial bacterium for plant health. Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 exhibits antagonistic activity toward Botrytis cinerea and alleviates gray mold symptoms on the leaves of strawberry plants. Moreover, suppression of gray mold on the flowers and fruits of strawberry plants in field trials, including vegetative cells and endospores, was demonstrated, indicating the potential of strain TP3 as a biological control agent. To examine the anti-B. cinerea compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3, matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was performed and fusaricidin-corresponding mass spectra were detected. Moreover, fusaricidin-related signals appeared in imaging mass spectrometry of TP3 when confronted with B. cinerea. By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based molecular networking approach, several fusaricidins were identified including a new variant of m/z 917.5455 with serine in the first position of the hexapeptide. Via advanced mass spectrometry and network analysis, fusaricidin-type compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3 were efficiently disclosed and were presumed to play roles in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen B. cinerea.

Gray mold of yacon and sunflower caused by Botrytis cinerea

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Tomioka ◽  
Toyozo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold
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