Avian dispersal of Frankia

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1128-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Paschke ◽  
Jeffrey O. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Elaeagnus Umbellata ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Central Illinois ◽  
Serial Dilutions

Nests of six common bird species in central Illinois, U.S.A. were collected and examined for the presence of Frankia capable of infecting Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus umbellata. Serial dilutions of nest extracts were used in a bioassay to estimate the number of Frankia nodulation units for these two host species in each nest. Nests of two bird species contained soil as a nest component and had high concentrations of Frankia nodulation units. Nests of two bird species that did not use soil in nest building also had relatively high levels of Frankia. Results indicate that some bird species can transport Frankia, possibly by moving soil for nest building and also by other unknown mechanisms. Key words: actinorhizae, bioassay, bird nests, Frankia dispersal, Alnus glutinosa, Elaeagnus umbellata.

scholarly journals Prevalence and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in wild bird species of the order Columbiformes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne R. Schumm ◽  
Dimitris Bakaloudis ◽  
Christos Barboutis ◽  
Jacopo G. Cecere ◽  
Cyril Eraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
And Migration

AbstractDiseases can play a role in species decline. Among them, haemosporidian parasites, vector-transmitted protozoan parasites, are known to constitute a risk for different avian species. However, the magnitude of haemosporidian infection in wild columbiform birds, including strongly decreasing European turtle doves, is largely unknown. We examined the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and subgenera Haemoproteus and Parahaemoproteus in six species of the order Columbiformes during breeding season and migration by applying nested PCR, one-step multiplex PCR assay and microscopy. We detected infections in 109 of the 259 screened individuals (42%), including 15 distinct haemosporidian mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages, representing five H. (Haemoproteus), two H. (Parahaemoproteus), five Leucocytozoon and three Plasmodium lineages. Five of these lineages have never been described before. We discriminated between single and mixed infections and determined host species-specific prevalence for each parasite genus. Observed differences among sampled host species are discussed with reference to behavioural characteristics, including nesting and migration strategy. Our results support previous suggestions that migratory birds have a higher prevalence and diversity of blood parasites than resident or short-distance migratory species. A phylogenetic reconstruction provided evidence for H. (Haemoproteus) as well as H. (Parahaemoproteus) infections in columbiform birds. Based on microscopic examination, we quantified parasitemia, indicating the probability of negative effects on the host. This study provides a large-scale baseline description of haemosporidian infections of wild birds belonging to the order Columbiformes sampled in the northern hemisphere. The results enable the monitoring of future changes in parasite transmission areas, distribution and diversity associated with global change, posing a potential risk for declining avian species as the European turtle dove.

Two new species of Phialocephala occurring on Picea and Alnus

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kowalski ◽  
Rolf D. Kehr
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Two New Species

Two new species of Phialocephala were isolated from the periderm of living branches of forest trees in Germany. In culture, Phialocephala compacta Kowalski & Kehr sp.nov., found on Alnus, is characterized by crowded conidiogenous heads that become deeply pigmented with age. Phialocephala scopiformis Kowalski & Kehr sp.nov., isolated from Picea and other conifers, develops elongated, complex conidiogenous heads with up to 15 series of branches in culture. The taxonomic placement of both new species and their role in endophytism and in natural pruning of branches is discussed. Key words: Picea abies, Alnus glutinosa, Phialocephala compacta, Phialocephala scopiformis, branch pruning fungi.

Response of some vegetable crops to soil-applied halides

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Sheppard ◽  
W. G. Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Competitive Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Industrial Pollutants ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Key Words Fluoride

The halide elements are environmentally important and share some common attributes. The heaviest, I, and the lighest, F, are quite toxic and are important industrial pollutants. They are also effectively retained in soils. The others, Cl and Br, can be accumulated to high concentrations in plants, are used in agriculture and are highly mobile in soils. This study investigated the behaviour of the halides in plots, outdoor lysimeters, and laboratory sorption and excised-root experiments. Sorption on soil was ordered as F > I > Br > Cl. Concentrations in plants were generally ordered as CI ≥ Br > > F ≥ I, the inverse of the sorption ordering, as expected. Older tissues, which were also closest to the soil surface, had higher concentrations, and sequestered tissues, such as corn kernels and cabbage heads, had lower concentrations. There was evidence of competitive interaction among the halides and with soil anions such as phosphate and sulfate. This competition reduced the toxicity of I and modified tissue concentrations of the halides, P and S. Another interesting interaction was an increase in Cl and I sorption on soil solids when there were elevated levels or the other halides. Overall, the study of the halides in combination enhanced our understanding of their individual behaviours. Key words: Fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, vegetable

scholarly journals Avian diversity during rehabilitation stage of Chimdi Lake, Sunsari, Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Surana ◽  
BR Subba ◽  
KP Limbu
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Avian Diversity ◽  
Key Words Avian

Avian diversity of Chimdi Lake during rehabilitation stage was studied. 109 species of birds belonging to 34 families were recorded. Maximum 64 species were recorded in March 200 4 and 20 species recorded in July 2004.Out of total; bird species 33.94%were migratory, 25.68% were resident, 24.77% were winter visitors and 15.96%were summer visitors. On the basis of abundance, 41.28%were scarce, 22.9 % were occasional, 21.1%were fairly common and 14.6%were common. The Lake area was found to be rich in avian diversity although the Lake was not fully rehabilitated. Key words: Avian diversity, Chimdi Lake, seasonal statusdoi:10.3126/on.v5i1.802Our Nature (2007)5:75-80

Stabilities of uncomplemented and complemented M15 β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) and the relationship to α-complementation

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare N Gallagher ◽  
Reuben E Huber
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Mutant Form ◽  
Narrow Temperature Range ◽  
Preferential Binding ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tetrameric Form

M15 β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) is a mutant form of β-galactosidase having residues 11-41 deleted. It is an inactive dimer but can be complemented to the active tetrameric form by the addition of a peptide containing the deleted residues. The activities of uncomplemented and complemented M15 β-galactosidases decreased starting at 42°C-uncomplemented over a narrow temperature range, complemented over a broad range. This is because uncomplemented protein is a simple dimer while complemented is a mix of interacting oligomers at high temperatures. The effects of added components on stability and α-complementation are best explained by binding effects on equilibria between native forms and forms susceptible to inactivation. Mg2+ stabilized complemented protein but destabilized uncomplemented protein (10× less Mg2+ was needed for complemented protein). α-Complementation increased somewhat at low Mg2+ but decreased at high Mg2+. These effects can be explained by differential Mg2+ binding to the native and susceptible forms. The enhancement of both stability and α-complementation by Na+ can be explained by preferential binding of Na+ to the native forms of both the uncomplemented and complemented proteins. Low 2-mercaptoethanol concentrations stabilized uncomplemented M15 β-galactosidase, but high concentrations destabilized it. All concentrations destabilized complemented M15 β-galactosidase. α-Complementation was enhanced by 2-mercaptoethanol. Thus, there is a correlation between stability of the uncomplemented protein and α-complementation at low 2-mercaptoethanol owing to interactions with native forms. The lack of correlation at higher 2-mercaptoethanol probably results from precipitation by 2-mercaptoethanol. In contrast to irreversible thermal inactivation, differences in reversible stability in urea were small. This suggests that quaternary structure and Mg2+ and Na+ sites are lost at low urea concentrations and are unimportant at the urea concentrations that result in reversible denaturation. Key words: β-galactosidase, α-complementation, stability.

Exceptional preservation of a Late Cretaceous dinosaur nesting site from Mongolia reveals colonial nesting behavior in a non-avian theropod

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Tanaka ◽  
Yoshitsugu Kobayashi ◽  
Darla K. Zelenitsky ◽  
François Therrien ◽  
Yuong-Nam Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Gobi Desert ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
Colonial Nesting ◽  
Nesting Site ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Lithologic Unit ◽  
Nesting Season

Abstract Colonial nesting behavior has been inferred in a variety of non-avian dinosaurs based on high concentrations of nests preserved in an area, but sedimentologic and taphonomic evidence demonstrating the contemporaneity of the nests is often lacking. A new nesting site discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Javkhlant Formation of the eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia, preserves at least 15 egg clutches laid by a probable non-avian theropod, and provides strong evidence for colonial nesting in a non-avian dinosaur. The occurrence of the clutches at the top of a common paleosurface, the distribution of eggshell fragments within clutches, the presence of a consistent two-layer sediment infill within eggs, and a thin marker lithologic unit blanketing all the clutches indicate the clutches were laid and hatched in a single nesting season. Despite the absence of sedimentologic evidence indicative of nest structure, statistical analyses of egg characteristics and facies association reveal the clutches were likely incubated in covered or buried nests. Based on the number of hatched clutches, the hatching success rate of the colony was high (60%), similar to that of extant crocodylian populations and bird species that attend and/or protect their nests during the incubation period, which indicates nest attendance behavior in the Javkhlant theropods. Thus, colonial nesting with parental attendance, widespread in extant birds, likely evolved initially among non-brooding, non-avian dinosaurs to increase nesting success.

Effect of ochratoxin A on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Serafini ◽  
S. Foddai ◽  
S. Pieretti ◽  
L. Tomassini ◽  
M. Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Key Words Aspergillus ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of ochratoxin A on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus was investigated. High concentrations had a significant effect, causing stimulation of aflatoxin production. Key words: Aspergillus parasiticus, aflatoxin production, ochratoxin A.

Cellobiose uptake by the cellulolytic ruminai anaerobe Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori K. Maas ◽  
Thomas L. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Molar Excess ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Total Glucose ◽  
Stimulation Of

Cellobiose transport by the cellulolytic ruminal anaerobe Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes was measured using randomly tritiated cellobiose. When assayed at the same concentration (1 mM), total cellobiose uptake was one-fourth to one-third that of total glucose uptake. The abilities of F. succinogenes to transport cellobiose or glucose were not affected by the sugar on which the cells were grown. Aspects of the simultaneous transport of [14C(U)]glucose and [3H(G)]cellobiose, the failure of high concentrations of cold glucose to compete with hypothetical [3H(G)] glucose (derived externally from [3H(G)]cellobiose), and differential metal-ion stimulation of cellobiose transport indicate a cellobiose permease, rather than cellobiase plus glucose permease, was responsible for cellobiose transport. Glucose (10-fold molar excess) partially inhibited cellobiose transport. This was enhanced by prior incubation of the cells with glucose, suggesting subsequent metabolism of the glucose was responsible for the inhibition. Compounds interfering with electron transport or maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients inhibited cellobiose uptake, indicating that active transport rather than a phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase system catalyzed cellobiose transport. Na+, but not Li+, stimulated cellobiose transport. Key words: Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes, cellobiose transport, rumen bacteria.

The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host relationships of the tick: Part 2. Observations on hill and moorland grazings in northern England

Parasitology ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Host List

Although three other Ixodes species were found, Ixodes ricinus L., when it occurs, is by far the most important tick parasite of wild and domestic animals on hill and moorland grazings in northern England. In the following, ‘tick’ or ‘ticks’ refer to I. ricinus.The previous list of British mammal hosts, wild and domestic, to the tick (any stage) is largely confirmed, and increased approximately from twenty-three to twenty-nine species; and birds, similarly, from twenty-one to thirty-nine species. The preponderance of small mammals and birds among the twenty-four new-recorded host species confirms the impression that previous workers tended to confine their attentions to the larger animals. The host list is still incomplete, and the suggestion that the tick will parasitize any bird or mammal it may meet is strongly reinforced.No host occurs below the reptile level among vertebrates; and among British reptiles, only the common lizard is a host—rarely. There appear to be no hosts among invertebrates.All the farm and domestic mammals from horse down to cat are hosts to female ticks, but poultry have never been recorded—probably because they do not much frequent the tick-infested pastures.Only the larger wild mammals and birds are hosts to female ticks. In northern England these include eight mammals and three birds. For Britain as a whole two other mammals are known, while a further four mammals and one bird are likely hosts.With or without the inclusion of domestic animals, proportionately more mammal than bird species are hosts to female ticks. This is because there are more mammal than bird species large enough to be hosts.All the recorded British hosts, except shrew and possibly mole, are hosts in some degree to nymphs, and all, without exception, are hosts to larvae.A certain amount of self-deticking is practised by birds, and very probably by some of the smaller mammals. Birds never have ticks attached within beak-reach.

scholarly journals ЛАНДШАФТНО-БИОТОПИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ОСТРОВОВ СИВАША ДЛЯ ГНЕЗДЯЩИХСЯ ПТИЦ

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
А. V. Matsyura
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Bird Species Diversity

<p>Landscape and biotopic characteristics of some Sivash islands are presented. The principal role of these factors for the support of the bird species diversity is proved. It is suggested that the islands’ genesis determines the dominant vegetation and the breeding habitats for the birds. Two types of islands – accumulative and continental are considered.</p> <p><em>Key words: Sivash, islands, birds, vegetation</em></p>

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