The effects of aluminum and calcium on the growth and nutrition of selected ectomycorrhizal fungi of jack pine

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1691-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. R. Browning ◽  
Thomas C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Al Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The influence of Al and Ca on the growth, in axenic culture, of three ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) was examined. Isolates of Hebeloma crustuliniforme (St. Amans) Quél., Rhizopogon rubescens (Tul.) Tulasne, and Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Singer, Snell & Dick were obtained from basidiocarps collected in jack pine stands of different ages. Basidiocarps and the soil surrounding them were analyzed for Al and Ca, as well as other elements. Each fungal species was grown for 4 weeks in nutrient solutions containing 37, 185, 370, or 740 μM Al combined in a factorial design with 25, 125, 250, or 500 μM Ca and maintained at pH 3.8. Growth of all three fungal species was reduced at 370 μM Al. Significant interaction was found between fungal species and Al treatment for all six elements measured in mycelial tissue. Stepwise increments in external Al concentration resulted in reduced mycelial concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K, and increased mycelial concentrations of Al, P, and Fe in H. crustuliniforme. High external Al levels resulted in reduced mycelial concentrations of all elements measured except Al and P in R. rubescens. In contrast, for S. tomentosus the same external Al levels increased the mycelial concentrations of all elements except Ca. The response of the three ectomycorrhizal fungi to Ca also differed. Growth of H. crustuliniforme was stimulated by stepwise increments in external Ca concentrations from 25 to 500 μM. Increments in calcium had no effect on the growth of R. rubescens. High external levels of Ca acted synergistically with high external Al concentrations to reduce growth by S. tomentosus. Unlike the other two species, the response of S. tomentosus to Al and Ca could not have been predicted from the soil and basidiocarp analyses. Alterations in Ca to Al ratios of soils may influence the succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi on conifer root systems. Key words: ectomycorrhizae, jack pine, aluminum, calcium, basidiocarps.

Responses of jack pine and black spruce seedlings to inoculation with selected species of ectomycorrhizal fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. R. Browning ◽  
Roy D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Aseptic Culture

Seedlings of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were inoculated with liquid cultures of fragmented hyphae of 10 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and grown in either aseptic culture tubes for 20 weeks or nonaseptic pots for 16 weeks. Seedlings in pots received more total nutrients and produced larger root systems than those in tubes. Four of the fungi produced higher levels of colonization associated with these larger root systems. Short-root density of black spruce was increased compared with that of uninoculated seedlings by inoculation with Laccariabicolor (Maire) Orton, Hebelomacylindrosporum Romagnési, or Thelephoraterrestris Ehrh. ex Fr. Colonization of jack pine by Rhizopogonrubescens (Tul.) Tulasne, L. bicolor, H. cylindrosporum, or Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch resulted in greater short-root densities than in uninoculated controls. Inoculation of potted black spruce with Laccariaproxima Boudier resulted in larger shoot weights and those inoculated with H. cylindrosporum had smaller root weights than did uninoculated seedlings. Both fungi resulted in increased shoot/root dry-weight ratios in black spruce. In contrast with black spruce, seedling weights were not affected by inoculation of jack pine with the same fungal species. However, inoculation of jack pine with R. rubescens resulted in a significantly higher shoot/root dry-weight ratio.

Ectomycorrhizal associations in jack pine stands in northeastern Alberta

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 932-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M Danielson
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Laccaria Proxima ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Northeastern Alberta

Ectomycorrhizae of jack pine occurring in mature stands, on bare roadsides, and in a recently burned area were compared. Fifty-six fungus associates were identified from sporocarp collections. Species of Elaphomyces, Suillus, Cortinarius, Cantharellus, and hydnums were almost exclusively limited to mature stands. Laccaria proxima, Rhizopogon rubescens. Scleroderma macrorhizon, and Astraeus hygrometricus were typically found on disturbed sites. Visual observations and direct isolations from ectomycorrhizae further indicated that the symbionts differed between the burn site and mature jack pine – lichen woodlands. A majority of the ectomycorrhizae in all sites were nondescript and could not be identified by culturing. Unlike the vascular plants, ectomycorrhizal symbionts were very numerous without any single species or small group of species dominating jack pine root systems. Pure culture syntheses confirmed that Tricholoma flavovirens, T. pessundatum, T. zelleri, Suillus flavovirens, S. albidipes, Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria proxima. Scleroderma macrorhizon, Astraeus hygrometricus, Lactarius paradoxus, Coltrichia perennis, and Bankera fuligineo-alba were ectomycorrhizal associates of jack pine.

Growth and fungal persistence by Quercus rubra inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and planted on a clear-cutting and strip mine

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1571-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Beckjord ◽  
Marla S. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Strip Mine ◽  
Mine Sites

Quercus rubra seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in media inoculated with and without vegetative hyphae of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius, Cenococcum geophilum, Scleroderma auranteum, and Rhizopogon nigrescens. Some seedlings were also inoculated with basidiospores of P. tinctorius and S. auranteum in the greenhouse. Rhizopogon nigrescens did not infect the seedlings during greenhouse production. Seedlings were planted and grown for two seasons on clear-cut and strip-mine sites. Some nonmycorrhizal seedlings were inoculated with basidiospores at planting. Seedling growth after one season on the clear-cut site was positive for all P. tinctorius, C. geophilum, and vegetative S. auranteum inoculations and significant differences in growth occurred among inoculation treatments. Root-core samples after one season showed that 80–100% of the seedlings on the clear-cut site had fungal persistence of assigned fungal species from all fungal inoculations except that no ectomycorrhizae were evident with seedlings field inoculated with basidiospores. Growth after two seasons on the clear-cut site was significantly different among treatments but not significantly different on the strip-mine site. Excavated root systems after two seasons showed that 0–100% of the seedlings on the clear-cut and strip-mine sites had fungal retention of assigned fungal species and ectomycorrhizae from basidiospore chip inoculations.

scholarly journals Snag Longevity and Decay Class Development in a Recent Jack Pine Clearcut in Michigan

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gregory Corace ◽  
Nancy E. Seefelt ◽  
P. Charles Goebel ◽  
Heather L. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
First Year ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Decay Class ◽  
Lower Peninsula ◽  
Interaction Term ◽  
Quercus Spp ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract To better understand the factors that influence the longevity and decay class development of natural and girdled snags in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations managed for Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) breeding habitat in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, we followed the fate of 335 jack pine and oak (Quercus spp.) snags. After 2.5 years, 41% of snags snapped or uprooted, with most snapping or uprooting occurring within the first year. Jack pine snags experienced higher rates of snapping or uprooting than oak or all other snags combined, regardless of whether natural or girdled. Girdling by itself or as an interaction term had no significant effect on snapping or uprooting for either jack pine or oak, but both diameter (P = 0.03) and height (P = 0.01) influenced snapping and uprooting in oak. Thirty months after treatment, the percentage of snags among decay classes differed between species of snag and snag types (natural-girdled), with snag height inversely related to snag decay class development. These results suggest that snag development will occur rapidly in recently clearcut jack pine stands and that higher densities of snags may be needed to be retained or created if management goals are to emulate more natural conditions.

Field performance of black spruce and jack pine inoculated with selected species of ectomycorrhizal fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1974-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H.R. Browning ◽  
Roy D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

Seedlings of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) were inoculated with fragmented hyphae of one of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and outplanted on reforestation sites after 14 weeks of growth in the nursery. Black spruce were planted on a peatland site and a stony loam site; jack pine were planted on the same stony loam site and on a sandy site. Inoculation of both species with Laccariaproximo (Boud.) Maire resulted in significantly better shoot growth compared with uninoculated seedlings over a 2-year period on all sites. Hebelomacylindrosporum Romagn. improved the height growth of black spruce on the peatland site and of jack pine on the stony loam site after 2 years. Laccariabicolor (Maire) Orton also improved the height growth of jack pine on the stony loam after 2 years. Black spruce inoculated with L. bicolor were significantly smaller than uninoculated seedlings. Size differences present in black spruce at outplanting persisted for two growing seasons, whereas initial size did not predict the field performance of jack pine. Inoculation of black spruce with L. proxima resulted in higher foliar concentrations of K and Zn compared with uninoculated seedlings on the peatland site. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn in jack pine inoculated with L. proxima were significantly higher than those of uninoculated seedlings at the stony loam site. All inoculated fungi (except Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, which did not form mycorrhizae) remained on the root systems for two growing seasons, but their presence declined sharply in the 2nd year. Laccariabicolor was the most persistent mycobiont on root systems of both tree species. Colonization of black spruce by indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi was faster on the stony loam site than on the peatland site. The diversity of wild ectomycorrhizae on the planted seedlings was higher on both the peatland and sand sites than on the stony loam site.

scholarly journals Survey of Shoot Damage Caused by the Exotic Pine Shoot Beetle in Michigan Pine Stands

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Siegert ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
North Central ◽  
Pine Shoot Beetle ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Shoot Damage

Abstract The exotic pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda [L.] (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is a Eurasian pest of pines that was first discovered in North America in 1992 near Cleveland, Ohio. It has since been found in at least 72 counties in Michigan, 285 additional counties in 11 other north central and eastern states, and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. We counted injured shoots along linear transects in ten stands of Scotch (Pinus sylvestris L.), red (Pinus resinosa Aiton), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) in lower Michigan (30 stands total) to estimate the frequency of shoot damage attributable to pine shoot beetle, other shoot-feeding insects, weather, and other damaging agents from 1997 to 1999. Fifteen of the stands were located in southwestern counties where pine shoot beetle has been established for at least 8 to 10 yr. The other 15 stands were in northern counties where pine shoot beetle establishment is more recent. In the southwestern stands, pine shoot beetle killed significantly more shoots in Scotch pine stands than in red or jack pine stands, and injured more shoots in Scotch pine stands than all other insects combined. Two of these Scotch pine stands were near an area with an abundance of Scotch pine brood material available to parent beetles. Damage in these two stands averaged roughly 10 to 12 shoots per m2 in 1998 and 1999, compared with 0.6 to 1.6 shoots per m2 in other Scotch pine stands, and less than 0.2 shoots per m2 in nearby red or jack pine stands. Pine shoot beetle was at very low or undetectable levels in northern stands in all years. Shoots injured by three other shoot-feeding insects were occasionally encountered, most often in red pine stands, but caused an insignificant amount of damage. With the exception of the southwestern Scotch pine stands, most of the shoot damage, particularly in northern jack pine stands, was attributable to squirrels or abiotic factors such as wind, ice or snow. North. J. Appl. For. 18(4):101–109.

Negligible Cull and Growth Loss of Jack Pine Associated with Globose Gall Rust

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 308-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Endocronartium Harknessii ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Mature Stands

The height and diameter of galled and unaffected jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were compared for five stands in northwestern Ontario. The severity of infection by globose gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii [J.P. Moore] Y. Hirat.) was rated as the total number of galls per tree and the number of stem galls per tree.Comparison of galled with unaffected trees in all stands showed essentially no size difference. Tree size increased relative to the number of galls per tree in one of the stands. This relationship was interpreted as reflecting that large individuals had more sites susceptible to infection. Trees were more uniform in size for the other stands and no size difference associated with numbers of galls was apparent.Galls were observed on the branches but not on the main stem of trees studied in mature stands. Hence, defect associated with the merchantable portion of the bole was nil. Both stem galls and branch galls were fairly common in young stands, an indication that jack pines with stem galls usually die as stands mature. Observations in other jack pine stands indicate that galled tissue and associated tree parts frequently do die.

Woody debris volumes and carbon accumulation differ across a chronosequence of boreal red pine and jack pine stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 768-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Allard ◽  
Andrew Park
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Data Set ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Pine Stands

Boreal forests are thought to store more than 30% of the world’s terrestrial carbon (C), much of it in the form of dead wood. Harvesting, stand transformation, and climate change the storage capacity of this carbon pool and improved quantification of C storage is needed to improve the accuracy and coverage of C accounting in Canadian forests. In this study, we compared wood volumes and C storage in coarse woody debris (CWD), fine woody debris (FWD), and standing dead wood (snags) in a 94-year chronosequence of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stands in the Sandilands Provincial Forest, southeastern Manitoba. In our data set of 20 jack pine and 17 red pine stands, jack pine stands supported higher volumes of CWD, snags, and sparsely distributed FWD than red pine stands. Mean CWD volume and C mass were, respectively, 18.6 m3·ha−1 and 2.6 tonnes (t)·ha−1 for jack pine and 11.3 m3·ha−1 and 1.1 t·ha−1 for red pine. Snag volumes and C mass were, respectively, 1.8 m3·ha−1 and 0.25 t·ha−1 for jack pine and 0.26 m3·ha−1 and 0.04 t·ha−1 for red pine. CWD loads in jack pine stands followed a U-shaped distribution with stand age, and snag loads in jack pine increased linearly with time. No such significant trends for CWD or snags were observed in red pine. Our results confirm that stand conversion from fire-origin jack pine to red pine plantations has the potential to significantly reduce and alter temporal patterns of dead wood accumulation across the landscape.

Colonization of Scots, red, and jack pine logs by Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Michigan pine stands

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2238-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W Siegert ◽  
Deborah G McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
North American ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Northern Michigan

We investigated host preference of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in a large-scale field study in 1997 and 1998. This Eurasian pest, first discovered in North America in 1992, is capable of developing and shoot-feeding in many North American pines. We hypothesized, however, that T. piniperda would preferentially colonize Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a Eurasian species, more frequently than North American red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We placed freshly cut Scots, red, and jack pine logs in Scots, red, and jack pine forest stands each year in southwestern Michigan, where T. piniperda populations have been established for several years, and in central and northern Michigan, where T. piniperda populations were low to rare. Following T. piniperda progeny emergence, logs were retrieved and debarked and T. piniperda attack density was determined for each log. Tomicus piniperda colonized 80%–90% of the pine logs in the southwestern Michigan stands compared with 2%–19% of logs in the central Michigan stands. No logs in the northern Michigan stands were colonized by T. piniperda in either year. In the southwestern pine stands, T. piniperda attack densities were significantly greater on Scots pine logs than on jack and red pine logs, regardless of stand species.

Ecological factors affecting abundance of advanced growth in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands of the boreal forest of northwestern Quebec

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Béland ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pine Stands

Natural regeneration in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands in Quebec is only sufficient 4% of the time and up to only 33% of the time in mixed stands. This study evaluates the usefulness of forest ecological types as defined by the Quebec Ministry of Forests in predicting abundance of advanced growth in pure and mixed jack pine stands of the Abitibi region, in north-western Quebec. Trees above 1.3 m in height and up to 5 cm DBH were tallied in 102 quadrats of 20 × 20 metres to evaluate advanced growth densities. No significant difference in advanced growth densities was observed between the two main types of surficial geological deposit in the region, lacustrine clays and glacial tills. Only shallow till and organic deposits over bedrock and fluvio-glacial sands showed significantly higher advanced growth densities. Prediction can be improved by using ecological variables such as soil texture, moisture regime, distance from a seed source and stand composition. Abundance of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) regeneration is positively associated with the proportion of sand in the soil profile and with drier sites; advanced growth of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) is weakly associated with the distance to a fire-preserved zone containing seed trees. Abundance of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.), probably associated with canopy openings, is positively linked with abundance of balsam fir and white spruce advanced growth. Jack pine regeneration by means of advanced growth occurs almost exclusively in jack pine stands on sand; higher proportions of hardwoods in the overstory appear to be negatively linked to jack pine advanced growth. Although the site variables studied showed some significant relationships with advanced growth abundance (maximum R2 = 0.32) which were slightly improved with stand composition variables (maximum R2 = 0.38), no satisfactory predictive model could be implemented. Key words: jack pine, advanced growth, ecological classification

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