Harmful soil organisms in coastal foredunes involved in degeneration of Ammophila arenaria and Calammophila baltica

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1560-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Van der Putten ◽  
S. R. Troelstra
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Marram Grass ◽  
Windblown Sand ◽  
Harmful Organisms ◽  
Mobile Dunes

The presence of harmful soil organisms in the root zone of Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) was examined by biotesting. For this investigation three locations along the sandy shoreline of The Netherlands were chosen: Voorne, Texel, and Schouwen. At all three locations harmful organisms were detected in sand from stable dunes, as well as in sand from mobile dunes (degenerated and vigorous A. arenaria, respectively). In beach sand, however, no harmful organisms occurred. Since A. arenaria shows vigorous growth only when it is buried regularly by windblown sand from the beach, it is concluded that this sand deposition enables the plants to escape from harmful soil organisms. Ammophila arenaria and Calammophila baltica (purple or hybrid marram grass) from the Voorne location were grown outdoors in containers filled with sand from the beach, the mobile dunes, and the stable dunes, and sterilized sand from the stable dunes. Biomass production of both species was highest in sterilized sand from the stable dune, followed by (in descending order) beach sand, sand from the mobile dune, and unsterilized sand from the stable dune. As compared with A. arenaria, however, growth of C. baltica was reduced less and without mortality of cuttings. Degree of growth reduction by harmful soil organisms could not be related to numbers of plant parasitic nematodes. Key words: Ammophila arenaria, Calammophila baltica, coastal sand dunes, succession, harmful soil organisms.

Effects of sand deposition on the interaction between Ammophila arenaria, plant-parasitic nematodes, and pathogenic fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1141-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. E. M. de Rooij – van der Goes ◽  
W. H. van der Putten ◽  
B. A. M. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Sand Burial ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Sand Accumulation ◽  
Upward Growth

Ammophila arenaria is a dominant sand-fixing plant species of the European coastal foredunes. It remains vigorous under regular burial conditions on seaward slopes, but starts to degenerate when sand accumulation diminishes. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this degeneration. In this study, we test the hypothesis that upward growth of plants following sand burial enables them to escape harmful soil organisms. Plants in a degenerating field stand of A. arenaria and potted plants grown in sterilized sand (outdoor pot experiment) were buried with sterilized or nonsterilized sand. Burial in both sterilized and nonsterilized sand resulted in stem elongation, increased numbers of living shoots, and increased shoot and root biomass. However, when plants were grown in and buried with sterilized sand, the numbers of shoots were significanlty higher than those buried with nonsterilized sand. The new root zone of buried plants was colonized by pathogenic soil organisms (nematodes and fungi) during the same growing season. It is concluded that by upward growth through pathogen-free sand, the plants benefit, at least temporarily, from escaping its pathogens and parasites. Key words: clonal growth, upward growth, migration, soil-borne disease, growth reduction.

Influence of Ammophila arenaria on half a century of vegetation change in eastern Tasmanian sand dune systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Hayes ◽  
Jamie B. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Dune Systems ◽  
Shrub Invasion ◽  
Bare Sand ◽  
Marram Grass

There is strong observational evidence that marram grass Ammophila arenaria transforms vegetation when it invades temperate coastal sand dunes. Because of contemporaneous marram grass introduction, sea level rise, climate change and coastal land use change, we use control dune systems to test the hypotheses that marram grass displaces native sand-binding grasses, reduces the area of bare sand and facilitates shrub invasion. We mapped vegetation from aerial photographs at four times between 1948 and 2007 on four pairs of sand dune systems, with one of each pair being heavily invaded by marram grass during the period of observation. We calculated the transitions between cover types between times. On the dune systems with marram grass, dunes became taller and more regular, native sand-binders became rare, bare sand decreased in area and native shrubs colonised the stabilised dunes. In the absence of marram grass the dunes remained dynamic, with much bare sand. At two of these control sites, increases in wind strength and sea level may have facilitated the development of transgressive dunes and eroded the native sand-binders. At the remaining two control sites, native sand-binders created low incipient foredunes. Shrub invasion occurred at most control sites. We conclude that marram grass does displace native sand-binders and decrease the proportion of bare sand, but that shrub invasion is partly independent of its introduction.

Coastal sand dunes as biological systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Tyria Jacobaeae ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Dune Plants ◽  
Stress Metabolites

SynopsisWith the gradation of intensities of environmental factors from the strand-line to stable inland areas, coastal dunes show many ecological phenomena especially clearly. These are reviewed broadly, with some emphasis on topics on which important advances are being made. The nutrient status of dune soil and changes with time are shown with reference to several dune systems. Changes in major nutrients are given for Braunton Burrows, north Devon, where the influence of nitrogen fixation by Lotus corniculatus is illustrated. The effects of sand burial on plants are considered, and details given of the root systems of vigorous and relict marram; factors which may affect its decline in vigour are reviewed. Also discussed is the likely significance of nematodes in the decline of Hippophaë rhamnoides. Reasons for the richness of the dune flora are considered and also some autecological studies. At the physiological level, reference is made to the water relations of plants and at the biochemical level to the occurrence and possible ecological importance of stress metabolites. Life strategies, phenology, survivorship, competition and the population ecology of dune plants are reviewed and also the interaction of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae). The population genetics of dune plants is illustrated by reference to Festuca rubra and Ammophila arenaria and of animals to Cepaea nemoralis.The abundance and ecological relationships of the invertebrate fauna are exemplified by surveys at Spurn Point, extensive investigations on spiders and the influence of marram on arthropod communities. The ecology of the natterjack load is considered in relation to conservation and the effects of large animal grazers in relation to the diversity of vegetation.

scholarly journals Nematocidial activity of aqueous solutions of plants of the families Cupressaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae and Apiaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Boyko ◽  
V. V. Brygadyrenko
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Conium Maculatum ◽  
Nematode Larvae

In natural ecosystems of animals, introduction of larvae of parasitic nematodes into the litter layer from excrement facilitates their migration and search of new host vertebrate animals. In such conditions they are constantly affected by biologically active substances of the abundant species of plants which grow in pastures. Currently, the influence of substances present in the above-ground part of plants on the vitality of larvae of helminths in the environment remains unstudied. In this article, we present the results of our research on the nematocidial activity in vitro in the aqueous solutions of 21 species of plants distributed in the territory of Steppe Ukraine: Sanguisorba officinalis L., Rosa canina L., Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., Iva xanthiifolia Nutt., Artemisia campestris L., Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Cannabis sativa L., Humulus lupulus L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Vicia cracca L., Lotus ucrainicus Klok., Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Eryngium planum L., Conium maculatum L., Juniperus communis L., Thuja occidentalis L. The level of vitality of nematode larvae of the Strongylida (Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803)) and Rhabditida (Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856)) orders varied depending on the species of plant, and also five experimental concentrations in aqueous solutions tested in seven replications. The most notable nematocidial effect was exerted by Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. – we observed death of larvae of third stage development L3 H. contortus and larvae of first-third stages L1–3 S. papillosus at 24 h exposure to 3% aqueous solution. Three percent aqueous solutions of S. officinalis and A. artemisiifolia displayed nematocidial properties only against S. papillosus: death of L1–3 S. papillosus was observed. Aqueous solutions of R. canina, A. vulgaris, A. minus, H. lupulus, V. cracca, L. ucrainicus, O. arenaria, E. planum, C. maculatum, J. communis, Th. occidentalis had lethal effect only on non-invasive larvae (larvae of the first and second stage L1–2) of S. papillosus. They displayed no nematocidial properties towards invasive larvae of H. contortus and S. papillosus. At exposure to aqueous solutions of the rest of the studied species of plants, over 50% of L3 H. contortus and L1–3 S. papillosus larvae remained alive. The determined patterns allow us to state that while living in the litter and soil in the root zone of plants nematode larvae undergoa negative influence caused by some plant species.

P-wave velocity profile at very shallow depths in sand dunes

Geophysics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. U129-U137
Author(s):  
Sherif M. Hanafy ◽  
Ammar El-Husseiny ◽  
Mohammed Benaafi ◽  
Abdullatif Al-Shuhail ◽  
Jack Dvorkin
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
Compressional Wave ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Measured Velocity

We have addressed the problem of measuring the compressional wave velocity at a very shallow depth in unconsolidated dune sand. Because the overburden stress is very small at shallow depths, the respective velocity is small and the seismic signal is weak. This is why such data are scarce, in the lab and in the field. Our approach is to stage a high-resolution seismic experiment with a dense geophone line with spacing varying between 10 and 25 cm, allowing us to produce a velocity-depth relation in the upper 1 m interval. These results are combined with another survey in which the geophone spacing is 2 m and the dominant frequency is an order of magnitude lower than in the first survey. The latter results give us the velocity profile in the deeper interval between 1 and 7 m, down to the base of the dune. The velocity rapidly increases from about 48 m/s in the first few centimeters to 231 m/s at 1 m depth and then gradually increases to 425 m/s at 7 m depth. This is the first time when such a low velocity has been recorded at extremely shallow depths in sand in situ. The velocity profile thus generated is statistically fitted with a simple analytical equation. Our velocity values are higher than those published previously for beach sand. We find that using replacement or tomogram velocities instead of an accurately measured velocity profile may result in 23%–44% error in the static correction.

Soil abiotic factors associated with Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. populations in sugarcane

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Marissônia de A. Noronha ◽  
Marcelo F. Fernandes ◽  
Maria de Fatima S. Muniz ◽  
Elvira Maria R. Pedrosa ◽  
Mayara C. Assunção ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Multivariate Regression Tree ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Summary Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. are the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes to sugarcane and the knowledge of soil characteristics that influence the occurrence of these pathogens can be useful in their management. With the objective to investigate the relationships between soil variables and populations of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. in sugarcane fields, root-zone soil and root samples were collected from 20 farms located in 16 municipalities in Alagoas state, Brazil. The multivariate regression tree technique was used to model the population density’s response variables for Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. in the root-zone soil and the roots according to sugarcane cultivars, soil organic matter, and soil chemical and physical variables. The results showed the existence of associations between soil factors, sugarcane cultivars and populations of nematodes. Root samples from soils with K > 37.79 mmolc dm−3, Al < 5.93 mmolc dm−3 and sugarcane ‘RB92579’, ‘SP753046’, ‘SP813250’ and ‘SP921631’ showed the lowest Pratylenchus spp. population densities. However, the lowest densities in the root-zone were found in soils with sum of bases > 1.91 mmolc dm−3, Ca:Mg ratio < 1:2 and soil organic matter < 10.7 g dm−3. The lowest population densities of Meloidogyne spp. in roots were associated with sugarcane ‘RB92579’, ‘RB93509’, ‘RB98710’, ‘SP791011’ and ‘SP921631’ and soil aggregate mean diam. > 0.48 mm, while root-zone densities were minimum in soils with P > 28.59 mg dm−3. This information should support further studies to investigate the effect of each variable on populations of Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne.

Competition between endoparasitic nematodes and effect on biomass of Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) as affected by timing of inoculation and plant age

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van der Putten ◽  
Henk Duyts ◽  
E. Pernilla Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Marram Grass ◽  
Natural Dune ◽  
Dune Grass

AbstractWe studied the effects of intra- and interspecific competition on the abundance of endoparasitic nematodes and assessed the consequences for biomass production of the natural dune grass Ammophila arenaria. Pratylenchus penetrans was limited by intraspecific competition and it suppressed the abundance of Heterodera arenaria, whilst the interaction between H. arenaria and Meloidogyne maritima was neutral. Pratylenchus penetrans and H. arenaria reduced plant biomass, whereas M. maritima did not. Plant biomass was not differently affected by adding one or two nematode species. When added to older plants, numbers of H. arenaria and M. maritima were higher but numbers of P. penetrans were lower, resulting in less reduction of plant biomass. We discuss our results on this natural system with respect to patterns of interspecific nematode competition observed in agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Diversity of AMF associated with Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea in Portuguese sand dunes

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría ◽  
Helena Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria

scholarly journals Desert shrub stemflow and its significance in soil moisture replenishment

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-P. Wang ◽  
Z.-N. Wang ◽  
R. Berndtsson ◽  
Y.-F. Zhang ◽  
Y.-X. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Desert Ecosystem ◽  
Desert Ecosystems ◽  
Caragana Korshinskii ◽  
Moisture Variation

Abstract. Stemflow of xerophytic shrubs represents a significant component of water replenishment to the soil-root system influencing water utilization of plant roots at the stand scale, especially in water scarce desert ecosystems. In this study, stemflow of Caragana korshinskii was quantified by an aluminum foil collar collection method on re-vegetated sand dunes of the Shapotou restored desert ecosystem in northwestern China. Time domain reflectometry probes were inserted horizontally at 20 different soil profile depths under the C. korshinskii shrub to monitor soil moisture variation at hourly intervals. Results indicated that 2.2 mm precipitation was necessary for the generation of stemflow for C. korshinskii. Stemflow averaged 8% of the gross precipitation and the average funnelling ratio was as high as 90. The soil moisture in the uppermost soil profile was strongly correlated with individual rainfall and the stemflow strengthened this relationship. Therefore, it is favourable for the infiltrated water redistribution in the deeper soil profile of the root zone. Consequently, stemflow contributes significantly to a positive soil moisture balance in the root zone and the replenishment of soil moisture at deeper soil layers. This plays an important role in plant survival and the general ecology of arid desert environments.

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