Histology and ultrastructure of caulogenic callus cultures of Larix ×eurolepis

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 979-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Laliberté ◽  
Maurice Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Hybrid Larch ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Extracellular Substances

Caulogenic callus cultures intiated from vegetative short shoot buds of a mature Larix ×eurolepis Henry (hybrid larch) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Callus tissue showed a zonation in pigmentation, as color varied from green to tan and brown. Green areas displayed characteristics of actively growing tissues, contained numerous chloroplasts and starch granules, and showed a range in the amount of vacuolar tannin deposits. Vascular clusters were present in callus tissue associated with adventitious shoots, which were well vascularized. Tan and brown areas had massive amounts of starch granules, tannin deposits, and sclereids. Numerous cells in brown areas were in a senescent state. Browning of tissues increased with time during each subculture and was concomitant with an increase in shoot productivity. Extracellular substances were apparently extruded from primary cell walls in tan and brown areas. Key words: caulogenic calli, conifer, histology, Larix, tissue culture, ultrastructure.

Structure of a stem-derived callus of Ruta graveolens: meristems, leaves, and secretory structures

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (21) ◽  
pp. 2717-2729 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
M. G. Scott ◽  
B. E. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Ruta Graveolens ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Secretory Glands

Differentiation in a stem-derived callus of Ruta graveolens was studied by correlated light and electron microscopy. Shoot apical meristems, some of which initiated leaves, differentiated randomly at the surface of the callus. Some of the apical meristems had a tunica–corpus organization. Cells of the tunica and corpus had large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, small vacuoles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, and leucoplasts. The leaves were radial and had well developed stomata and chloroplasts of two types, one storing large starch grains and the other with no starch but with well developed grana. Lysigenous and schizolysigenous secretory glands were initiated in the leaves and towards the periphery of the callus. Central cells in the lysigenous glands underwent lysis forming a gland lumen into which lipid-like material from the degenerating cells was released. During early stages of cell lysis, breakdown of the middle lamella occurred, followed by the degeneration of cell walls. The lipid-like deposits are thought to be the essential oils known to be produced by these callus cultures. Schizolysigenous glands are formed by the separation of gland cells along the middle lamella and the subsequent development of an epithelial layer or layers surrounding a gland lumen. The cytology of epithelial cells was characterized by numerous ribosomes and the presence of plastids with lipid-like deposits, rough endoplasmic reticulum which occurred either as sheets of cisternae or tubular profiles, and osmiophilic deposits in the cytoplasm. Changes in the epithelial cell walls bordering on the gland lumen indicated that these cells were probably undergoing lysis in older stages of gland development.

scholarly journals Anatomical and Histochemical Effects of Feeding by Citrus Leafminer Larvae (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) in Citrus Leaves

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Achor ◽  
H. Browning ◽  
L.G. Albrigo
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Phyllocnistis Citrella ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Citrus Leafminer ◽  
Wound Recovery ◽  
Citrus Leaves ◽  
Tissue Recovery ◽  
Outer Cell Wall

Young expanding leaves of `Ambersweet' [Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata) × C. sinensis (L) Osb.] with feeding injury by third larval stage of citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) were examined by light and electron microscopy for extent of injury and tissue recovery over time. Results confirmed that injury is confined to the epidermal layer, leaving a thin covering over the mine tunnel that consisted of the cuticle and outer cell wall. Wound recovery consisted of two possible responses: the production of callus tissue or the formation of wound periderm. The production of callus tissue developed within 3 days of injury when the uninjured palisade or spongy parenchyma below the injured epidermis produced callus tissue through periclinal or diagonal cell divisions. After 1 month, the entire epidermis was replaced by callus tissue. In the absence of secondary microbial invasion, this callus tissue developed a thick cuticle, followed by development of a covering of platelet wax after 4 months. Alternatively, wound periderm formed if the outer cuticular covering was torn before the cuticle had developed sufficiently to prevent the exposed cells from being desiccated or invaded by fungi, bacteria, or other insects. The wound periderm consisted of a lignified layer of collapsed callus cells, a suberized phellem layer, and a multilayered phelloderm-phellogen. Since there were always cellular collapse or fungi and bacteria associated with wound periderm formation, it was determined to be a secondary effect, not a direct effect of leafminer feeding.

Culture of Protoplasts From Grape Vine Pericarp Callus

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
KGM Skene
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Grape Vine ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Semi Solid

Protoplasts isolated from callus cultures of the pericarp of Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana regenerated cell walls within 3 days, when cultured in semi-solid media adjusted to 0.4-0.5 osmolal. Up to 12% of the cells divided during the next 7 days. A lower proportion passed through two division cycles.

Acridonepoxidgehalte in Kalluskulturen von Ruta graveolens und ihre Steigerung durch Mischkultur mit Pilzen. / Accumulation of Acridone-Epoxides in Callus Cultures of Ruta graveolens Increased by Coculture with Not Host-Specific Fungi

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 575-583 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Ruta Graveolens ◽  
Secondary Product ◽  
Fungal Elicitors ◽  
Product Accumulation ◽  
Total Disappearance

Abstract The classic attempt to find optimum culture conditions lead to hormonautotrophic cultures and to dark grown cultures. We made the new attempt to rise the yield of rutacridone-epoxides by co­ culture with not hostspecific fungi. Conditions were chosen that only diffusible elicitors could in­ fluence callus tissue. 14 days of coculture mostly caused reduced acridone-epoxide content, growthrate and up to total disappearance of chlorophyll. Within 3 - 7 days of coculture some fungi induced a significant rise of acridone-epoxide content (up to 50-fold). Culture filtrates of these fungi showed comparable effects. Our results proved the acridone-epoxides to be phytoalexins. The use of fungal elicitors could be a new method to increase secondary product accumulation in tissue culture.

Isozyme assessment of the genetic stability of micropropagated hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry)

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Richard ◽  
Sylvie Gauthier ◽  
Sylvie Laliberté
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Hybrid Larch ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
The Media

The search for the occurrence of somaclonal variation of in vitro shoots and acclimatized plants of a hybrid larch (Larix × urolepis Henry) clone was performed by the analysis of eight isozyme systems. Cultures were established from short shoot buds of mature material. The effects of growth regulators in the media, subculture intervals, and periods in culture were analyzed for in vitro shoots. Variability was found in in vitro shoots but appeared to be related to a physiological response to culture conditions. Once acclimatized, most tissuecultured plants expressed the same enzymatic patterns as those of control plants (stecklings and the ortet). The variations observed for some acclimatized plants were also observed in control plants and were not related to ontogenic stage. Results from the isoenzymatic systems studied showed that hybrid larch plants regenerated from tissue culture were not significantly different from stecklings and the ortet.

Penetration and colonization of resistant and susceptible Apium graveolens by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2: callose as a structural response

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Jordan ◽  
R. M. Endo ◽  
L. S. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Race 2

Root apices of Apium graveolens L. resistant and susceptible to race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii (R. Nels. & Sherb.) were studied at various times after inoculation, using light and electron microscopy to determine structural response(s) of the hosts during penetration and colonization by the pathogen. Penetration was intercellular and intracellular and involved mechanical and enzymatic mechanisms. At the onset of penetration, the host cell walls manifested fluorescence, induced with either aniline blue or sirofluor, at the point of penetration. The fluorescent area was more intense and larger in the resistant host. Fluorescence disappeared with time. After incubation with β-1,3 glucanase fluorescence disappeared, indicating β-1,3 polysaccharide (probably callose) presence. Callose deposits were 2 and 3 times greater in the epidermis and 4 and 9 times greater in the cortex of the resistant than in two susceptible hosts, respectively. Hyphal counts in the cortex of the resistant host were 50% fewer than in the susceptible hosts. Increased callose deposition on host cell walls was associated with reduced colonization. Callose formed in vascular tissue as the fungus colonized it. Callose detection with sirofluor was more sensitive; background fluorescence common with aniline blue without periodic acid – Schiff's reagent pretreatment was absent.

Histopathological and ultrastructural comparison of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme and S. botryosum on red clover foliage

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verna J. Higgins ◽  
G. L. Lazarovits
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wall Appositions ◽  
Palisade Cells

As part of a continuing study of non-host resistance, red clover leaves inoculated with the clover pathogen Stemphylium sarcinaeforme, or the closely related alfalfa pathogen S. botryosum, were examined by light and electron microscopy to compare the events occurring in the initial stages of infection. Stemphylium botryosum penetrated leaves primarily via the stomata with resultant death of the guard cells and with varying effects on adjacent epidermal cells. Appressoria were frequently formed, and although they rarely resulted in successful penetrations, the contacted epidermal cells were often markedly affected as judged by toluidine blue staining. Growth of hyphae was intercellular but very limited in its extent. At some infection sites, one to several mesophyll cells underwent extensive plasmolysis and cytoplasmic disruption. Less severely affected mesophyll cells contained large lipid bodies, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi vesicles and had wall appositions at points of contact with necrotic cells or with hyphae. Stemphylium sarcinaeforme generally penetrated between or directly through the epidermal cells, causing death of the contacted cells. Hyphae grew intercellularly or intracellularly in the palisade tissue and hyphal elongation was considerably more rapid than that of S. botryosum. Palisade cells adjacent to, or containing, the hyphae underwent several different types of cytoplasmic deterioration. Mesophyll cells surrounding these areas showed the same features as comparable cells in tissue infected by S. botryosum. In tissue infected by either fungus, the exterior of host cell walls was coated with a layer of extracellular material.

Ultrastructural observations on guard cells of Vicia faba and Allium porrum

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Allaway ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

Stomata of Vicia faba and Allium porrum were examined in thin section with the electron microscope. Guard cells contained numerous mitochondria, few plastids, and relatively small vacuoles traversed by many strands of cytoplasm. Spherosomes were often observed but were variable in occurrence. Endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes were present, although not well developed. Scattered microtubules were present at the periphery of the cells. Microbodies were very rarely observed in guard cells and no plasmodesmata were ever seen in the guard cell walls. Plastids were small and irregular in outline in guard cells of both species. Guard cell plastids of V. faba contained abundant large starch granules. In both species thylakoids were few and grana were small in comparison with mesophyll plastids. The inner of the two bounding membranes of guard cell chloroplasts was extensively invaginated, forming a peripheral reticulum. This was not observed in mesophyll plastids of these species. Small groups of microtubule-like structures were often observed in V. faba guard cell plastids; microtubule-like structures were less frequent in A. porrum plastids, and were not in groups. The structures described are compared with those of other epidermal cells and mesophyll cells, and are discussed in relation to guard cell physiology.

scholarly journals Callus Cultures Of Beans Infected With Virus As A Model For Testing Antiviral Compaunds

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kovalenko Oleksiy ◽  
Kyrychenko Angelina ◽  
Kovalenko Olena
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Model System ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Amplification Product ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Plant Tumors

In the work, bean callus raised from a leaves of Bean common mosaic virus infected bean plant was obtained and adapted for the testing of antiviral activity of liposomal glycan-glycolipid complexes. Ganoderma adspersum glucans and Pseudomonas spec. rhamnolipids were constituents of liposomal compaunds. It has been shown that under the long-term cultivation (up to 3 months) in the presence of a liposomal preparation containing (10-100 mg/l), the virus is eliminated from the tissue. This is evidenced by the absence of 391 bp sequence amplification product established by RT-PCR in the callus tissue, cultured on a medium containing the liposomal complex. The proposed model system is analogous to plant tumors and has obvious advantages over similar systems in vivo, since the callus growth is controlled and independent of environmental factors.

scholarly journals Macroscopic and Microscopic Modifications of Wood after Debarking of Trees in the South Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ghislain Kenguem Kinjouo ◽  
Marie Caroline Momo Solefack ◽  
Victor François Nguetsop
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Lateral Extent

Wounding of trees by debarking has been reported to form a callus tissue. This work aims to investigate macroscopic and microscopic modifications of wood after the removal of barks in Alstonia boonei, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, and Garcinia lucida. Species that are not yet barking were wounded to conducting experimental debarking. The wound was rectangular with 30 cm vertically with a lateral extent of 10 cm. Every three months, there was a follow-up for fifteen months during which the macroscopic and microscopic phenomena were observed and recorded. Microsections of 15–20 μm thickness were taken on a piece of wood from the regenerated and intact wood, with a sledge microtome. Staining of cell walls was done with safranin and fast green to increase contrast in an anatomical slide. Analyzes of the variability of xylem anatomical features were done by semi-automatic measurements using the SpectrumSee digital image analysis software. The speed of recovery of the bark of these three species is 9.04 cm/year for A. boonei, 5.9 cm/year for S. zenkeri, and 3.85 cm/year for G. lucida. The recovery of A. boonei’s bark is the fastest, and it just takes 15 months to heal its wound. Densities of vessels were 8, 38, and 17 per mm², respectively, for the wood of A. boonei, S. zenkeri, and G. lucida before barking. These values increased for A. boonei (26) and G. lucida (20) except for S. zenkeri (25). In all species, the diameter of the vessels has decreased in the regenerated wood. Management practices that enhance the monitoring of sustainable harvesting levels of species and promote alternative plants for the same uses should be considered as part of conservation strategies.

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