Relationship between mycorrhizal dependence and competitive ability of two tallgrass prairie grasses

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2608-2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. D. Hetrick ◽  
G. W. T. Wilson ◽  
D. C. Hartnett
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Andropogon Gerardii ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Prairie Grasses ◽  
The Impact

The impact of mycorrhizal symbiosis on growth of Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem) and Koeleria pyranidata (junegrass) was compared. Andropogon gerardii was 98% dependent on the symbiosis, whereas K. pyranidata displayed less than 0.02% dependence. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation resulted in 50 times larger A. gerardii plants but did not alter growth of K. pyranidata. When competing in pairs, A. gerardii dominated when the mycorrhizal symbiosis was present and K. pyranidata dominated when it was not present. Dry weight of mycorrhizal A. gerardii was altered, whether grown alone or with K. pyranidata, but mycorrhizal K. pyranidata grew well only in the absence of competition and failed to grow appreciably if A. gerardii was present. Without mycorrhizal fungus inoculation, A. gerardii did not grow and had no deleterious effects on K. pyranidata. When P fertilization was substituted for mycorrhizal fungus inoculation, A. gerardii grew better alone than in competition with K. pyranidata at low P levels but was not affected by competition at high P levels. Koeleria pyranidata was not affected by competition at low P levels, but high P fertilization resulted in reduced dry weight of K. pyranidata plants when in competition with A. gerardii. Phenologic separation of growing seasons avoids interspecific competition between these two grasses and may be one mechanism contributing toward their coexistence. Since low temperatures limit mycorrhizal nutrient uptake, phenologic separation of growing seasons could also avoid the competitive advantage of warm-season grasses conferred by their mycorrhizal dependence.

Mycorrhizal dependence and growth habit of warm-season and cool-season tallgrass prairie plants

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1376-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Daniels Hetrick ◽  
D. Gerschefske Kitt ◽  
G. Thompson Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Warm-season (C4) and cool-season (C3) mycorrhizal grasses were 63–215 and 0.12–4.1 times larger in dry weight than non-inoculated controls, respectively. Nonmycorrhizal warm-season plants did not grow and frequently died, while cool-season plants grew moderately well in the absence of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Like warm-season grasses, tallgrass prairie forbs were highly dependent on mycorrhizal symbiosis, even though they are not known to employ the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Thus, phenology may be more critical than photosynthetic pathway in determining mycorrhizal dependence. Warm-season grasses and forbs had coarser, less frequently branched root systems than cool-season grasses, supporting the hypothesis that mycorrhizal dependence is related to root morphology. Cool-season grasses may have developed more fibrous root systems because mycorrhizal nutrient uptake was not effective in the colder temperate environment in which they evolved. In contrast, warm-season plants and dependence on mycorrhizal fungi may have coevolved, because both symbionts are of tropical origin.

Relationship between mycorrhizal activity, burning, and plant productivity in tallgrass prairie

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2597-2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Bentivenga ◽  
B. A. D. Hetrick
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Prairie Grasses ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

The impact of benomyl fungicide and spring burning on mycorrhizal activity and plant growth was assessed in tallgrass prairie in Kansas. We report for the first time that the productivity of mycotrophic plants can be reduced by inhibition of indigenous vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. A vital stain, nitro blue tetrazolium, used to assess active mycorrhizal colonization, proved to be a more sensitive measure of treatment effects than the cell wall stain, trypan blue. Burning stimulated both plant growth and active mycorrhizal colonization. However, by 32 days after burning no differences in colonization were detected. Our observations support the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the growth of warm-season tallgrass prairie grasses and may contribute to enhanced plant growth of warm-season tallgrass prairie grasses and may contribute to enchanced plant growth following spring burning. Key words: burning, benomyl fungicide, phosphorus, tallgrass prairie, VA mycorrhizae, warm-season grasses.

Seasonal and temperature effects on mycorrhizal activity and dependence of cool- and warm-season tallgrass prairie grasses

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1596-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Bentivenga ◽  
B. A. D. Hetrick
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
Prairie Grasses ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Previous research on North American tallgrass prairie grasses has shown that warm-season grasses rely heavily on vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, while cool-season grasses are less dependent on the symbiosis (i.e., receive less benefit). This led to the hypothesis that cool-season grasses are less dependent on the symbiosis, because the growth of these plants occurs when mycorrhizal fungi are inactive. Field studies were performed to assess the effect of phenology of cool- and warm-season grasses on mycorrhizal fungal activity and fungal species composition. Mycorrhizal fungal activity in field samples was assessed using the vital stain nitro blue tetrazolium in addition to traditional staining techniques. Mycorrhizal activity was greater in cool-season grasses than in warm-season grasses early (April and May) and late (December) in the growing season, while mycorrhizal activity in roots of the warm-season grasses was greater (compared with cool-season grasses) in midseason (July and August). Active mycorrhizal colonization was relatively high in both groups of grasses late in the growing season, suggesting that mycorrhizal fungi may proliferate internally or may be parasitic at this time. Total Glomales sporulation was generally greater in the rhizosphere of cool-season grasses in June and in the rhizosphere of the warm-season grasses in October. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to examine the effect of temperature on mycorrhizal dependence of cool- and warm-season grasses. For both groups of grasses, mycorrhizal dependence was greatest at the temperature that favored growth of the host. The results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi are active in roots when cool-season grasses are growing and that cool-season grasses may receive benefit from the symbiosis under relatively cool temperature regimes. Key words: cool-season grasses, tallgrass prairie, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, warm-season grasses.

scholarly journals Coordinated Changes In The Accumulation Of Metal Ions In Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) In Response To Inoculation With The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Funneliformis mosseae

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rosario Ramirez-Flores ◽  
Ruben Rellan-Alvarez ◽  
Barbara Wozniak ◽  
Mesfin-Nigussie Gebreselassie ◽  
Iver Jakobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Funneliformis Mosseae ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
External Hyphae ◽  
The Impact

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is an ancient interaction between plants and fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota. In exchange for photosynthetically fixed carbon, the fungus provides the plant host with greater access to soil nutrients via an extensive network of root-external hyphae. Here, to determine the impact of the symbiosis on the host ionome, the concentration of nineteen elements was determined in the roots and leaves of a panel of thirty maize varieties, grown under phosphorus limiting conditions, with, or without, inoculation with the fungus Funneliformis mosseae. Although the most recognized benefit of the symbiosis to the host plant is greater access to soil phosphorus, the concentration of a number of other elements responded significantly to inoculation across the panel as a whole. In addition, variety-specific effects indicated the importance of plant genotype to the response. Clusters of elements were identified that varied in a coordinated manner across genotypes, and that were maintained between non-inoculated and inoculated plants.AbbreviationsNCnon-colonizedMmycorrhizalSDWshoot dry weightICP-MSinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryPCprincipal component

scholarly journals The Impact of Seasonal Environments in a Tropical Savanna Climate on Forking, Leaf Area Index, and Biomass of Cassava Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phanupong Phoncharoen ◽  
Poramate Banterng ◽  
Nimitr Vorasoot ◽  
Sanun Jogloy ◽  
Piyada Theerakulpisut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Information on the forking, leaf area index, and biomass of cassava for different growing seasons could help design appropriate management to improve yield. The objective was to evaluate the forking date, leaf growth, and storage root yield of different cassava genotypes grown at different planting dates. Four cassava genotypes (Kasetsart 50, Rayong 9, Rayong 11, and CMR38–125–77) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The cassava genotypes were planted on 20 April, 25 May, 30 June, 5 October, 10 November, and 15 December 2015, and 19 May and 3 November 2016. The soil properties prior to the planting, forking date, leaf area index (LAI), dry weights, harvest index (HI), starch content, and weather data were recorded. The forking date patterns for all of the growing seasons varied depending on the cassava genotypes. The weather caused occurring in the first forking for the Rayong 11 and CMR38–125–77 and the second forking for Rayong 11, but not for Kasetsart 50. The forking CMR38–125–77 had a higher LAI, leaf dry weight, biomass, and storage root dry weight than the non-forking Rayong 9. The higher storage root yields in Rayong 9 compared with Rayong 11 were due to an increased partitioning of the storage roots.

Relationships of mycorrhizal symbiosis, rooting strategy, and phenology among tallgrass prairie forbs

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1521-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. D. Hetrick ◽  
G. W. T. Wilson ◽  
T. C. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Group 2

The response of 23 tallgrass prairie forbs to mycorrhizal symbiosis and P fertilization was assessed in steamed and non-sterile prairie soil. For each plant species, root diameters, root fibrousness, root to shoot ratio, plant dry weight, mycorrhizal root colonization, mycorrhizal dependence, P dependence, and phenology were measured. Using these data, cluster analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis, and canonical discriminant analysis of the data revealed that the forbs could be divided into three distinct groups based on mycorrhizal dependence, root morphology, and phenology in descending order of importance. Cluster groups 1 and 2 contained obligately and facultatively mycotrophic forbs, respectively, while the third group did not benefit from the symbiosis. Models for prediction of mycorrhizal dependence, constructed using stepwise regression analysis, were based largely on root fibrousness. A regression analysis comparing mycorrhizal dependence and root fibrousness was conducted, and group means and 95% confidence ellipses were examined for each group. These revealed that the mycorrhizal dependence and root fibrousness of groups 1 and 3 are relatively constant regardless of P level, while the response of forbs of group 2 is more plastic, i.e., mycorrhizal dependence decreases and root fibrousness increases as P level increases. The relationship between plant response to mycorrhizal symbiosis and life strategy or growth pattern is discussed. Key words: mycorrhizal dependency, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, root systems.

Impact of seedling age on the survival and productivity of Atriplex halimus shrubs in drought-affected rangelands of Jordan

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Al-Satari ◽  
Ezz Al-Dein Al-Ramamneh ◽  
Jamal Ayad ◽  
Mohamad Abu Dalbouh ◽  
Ibrahim Amayreh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length Density ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Atriplex Halimus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
The Impact

Rangelands in Jordan are part of arid areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Stress-tolerant plants such as Atriplex halimus L. have been used to rehabilitate such degraded areas. Seeds of A. halimus were sown in plastic bags in mid-March, mid-August and mid-September of 2012 and placed on the ground in a nursery at Khaldiah Station. Seedlings that were 4, 5 and 10 months old were transplanted on 20 January 2013 to the Khanasri Range Reserve and monitored for their survival over the growing seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. At the time of transplanting, the height, weight, stem thickness and root length density of 10-month-old seedlings were greater than of 4- and 5-month-old seedlings. Analyses of leaf tissues indicated high crude protein content in seedlings of different ages (22−26%). The 10-month-old plants showed 15–40-fold higher stem dry weight and more convoluted roots than the 4- and 5-month-old seedlings. The average rate of survival of transplanted seedlings over the three growing seasons was 77.0%, 92.3% and 94.3% for 10-, 5- and 4-month-old seedlings, respectively. Thus, higher growth of the 10-month-old seedlings than of 4- and 5-month-old seedlings at transplanting was compromised by their lower survival percentage throughout the 2013, 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. The dry yield of fodder shrubs was comparable across different-aged seedlings after 2 years of growth in permanent pastures (380, 364 and 354 kg dry yield ha–1 for 10-, 5- and 4-month-old seedlings, respectively). Taken together, these data suggest that 4–5-month-old seedlings of A. halimus are more appropriate for transplanting than 10-month-old seedlings because of cost-effective establishment of seedlings in the nursery, because no significant differences in shrub productivity were observed among plants derived from seedlings of different ages in the permanent rangeland. The impact of the introduced shrubs on different native plants in the range can be addressed in future studies.

Differential responses of C3 and C4 grasses to mycorrhizal symbiosis, phosphorus fertilization, and soil microorganisms

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. D. Hetrick ◽  
G. W. T. Wilson ◽  
T. C. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Mycorrhizal Root ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

The responses of five C4, warm-season and five C3, cool-season tallgrass prairie grasses to phosphorus (P) fertilization, mycorrhizae, and soil microorganisms were compared in greenhouse studies. The warm-season grasses responded positively to mycorrhizae or to P fertilization, but mycorrhizal plants did not respond to P. The soil microflora reduced mycorrhizal plant dry weight and root colonization. In contrast, cool-season grasses did not respond to mycorrhizae or P fertilization. Soil microorganisms did not suppress cool-season plant growth, but root colonization was reduced in nonsterile soil. For the warm-season grasses there was an inverse relationship between mycorrhizal root colonization and P fertilization and a positive relationship between root colonization and plant dry weight. For the cool-season grasses there was also an inverse relationship between root colonization and P fertilization, but the relationship between root colonization and plant dry weight was negative. In both the warm-season and cool-season grasses, low levels of mycorrhizal root colonization persisted even when P fertilization was sufficient to eliminate mycorrhizal effects on plant growth. Thus, warm- and cool-season grasses display profoundly different strategies for nutrient acquisition. Key words: cool-season grasses, warm-season grasses, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Type and Nitrogen Rate on Growth of Annual and Perennial Landscape Plants in Florida

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Moore ◽  
Amy L. Shober ◽  
Gitta Hasing ◽  
Christine Wiese ◽  
Nancy G. West
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Response ◽  
The Impact

Previous research indicated that acceptable quality annual and perennial plant species can be grown in the landscape with low nitrogen (N) inputs. However, information on the impact of soil conditions and N use by ornamental plants grown in central Florida is lacking in the literature. Our objective was to evaluate plant growth and quality response of eight warm-season annuals, seven cool-season annuals, and four herbaceous perennial species to a range of N fertilizer rates when plants were grown in landscape beds containing native field soil or subsoil fill. A slow-release N source (42N–0P–0K) was applied every 12 weeks at annual N rates of 3, 5, or 7 lb/1000 ft2 for a period of 18 weeks (annual species) or 1, 3, or 5 lb/1000 ft2 for a period of 54 weeks (perennial species). Plants were evaluated for aesthetic quality every 6 weeks and shoot dry weight was measured at completion of the experiment. Dry weight production and aesthetic quality of most species evaluated was unaffected by N rate. For several species, shoot dry weight was higher when planted in the field plots containing native soil [alyssum (Lobularia maritima) ‘Bada Bing White’ wax begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum), dahlberg daisy (Thymophylla tenuiloba), ‘Survivor Hot Pink’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), gomphrena (Gomphrena globosa), ‘Blue Puffs Improved’ (‘Blue Danube’) ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), blanket flower (Gaillardia pulchella), goldenrod (Solidago chapmanii), ‘Mystic Spires’ salvia (Salvia longispicata ×farinacea)]. Quality response to soil condition was mixed over the course of the study. Several species performed as well (or better) in the field as when planted in the subsoil fill soils. These results illustrate that some landscape plant species are able to survive and thrive under various soil and fertility conditions. These “tougher” species may be good choices for installation in landscapes with marginal native soils or disturbed urban landscape soils.

scholarly journals Salt Exclusion and Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Increase Tolerance to NaCl and CaCl2 Salinity in ‘Siam Queen’ Basil

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
David R. Bryla ◽  
Jungmin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Relative Uptake

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity on growth and nutrient uptake in basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Siam Queen’). Plants were fertilized with a complete nutrient solution and exposed to no, low, or moderate levels of salinity using NaCl or CaCl2. The plants in control and moderate salinity treatments were also inoculated or not with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Rhizophagus irregularis (Blaszk., Wubet, Renker, & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Schler., to determine whether AMF mitigate the effects of salinity stress. Electrical conductivity (EC) of leachate collected from salinity treatments reached levels ≥8 dS·m−1 but had no effect on plant growth in the first 41 days of treatment. However, by 75 days, plants exposed to low and moderate levels of NaCl and CaCl2 had 20% to 38% less dry weight (DW) than controls. Reductions in DW were similar between NaCl and CaCl2 and was greater in roots than in shoots. Both NaCl and CaCl2 salinity reduced stomatal conductance (gS) within 25 days, but hastened flowering by 2–3 days, and nearly doubled the DW of flowers at 75 days. Salinity from NaCl increased uptake of Na and reduced uptake of Ca, whereas CaCl2 salinity increased uptake of Ca and reduced uptake of Mg and Mn. Both salts also increased relative uptake of N, Cu, and Zn, and reduced relative uptake of S and Fe. In general, Na was concentrated in roots and excluded from shoots, whereas Cl was concentrated primarily in leaves. Both salts reduced root colonization by AMF. However, AMF increased gS by 10% with NaCl and 22% with CaCl2, and increased shoot DW by 22% and 43%, respectively. Other than Ca and Cl, AMF did not enhance nutrient uptake under NaCl or CaCl2 salinity. ‘Siam Queen’ basil was moderately tolerant to salinity, due at least in part to exclusion of Na from the shoots, and inoculation with AMF increased tolerance to both NaCl and CaCl2 salinity. Differences in basil tolerance to NaCl and CaCl2 indicate plants may have different mechanisms for dealing with salinity and sensitivity is not solely a function of EC. This highlights the importance of understanding the source of salinity in irrigation waters and soil for predicting damage.

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