The effect of aluminum on seed germination and early seedling establishment, growth, and respiration of white spruce (Picea glauca)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2305-2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nosko ◽  
Pierre Brassard ◽  
James R. Kramer ◽  
Kenneth A. Kershaw
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Natural Establishment ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Root To Shoot Ratio

Seed germination and the establishment and subsequent growth of seedlings of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) subjected to various aluminum treatments were examined. Aluminum concentrations of 50–500 μM did not reduce the cumulative percent germination of seeds but impaired the ability of seedlings to become established. The inability of roots of Al-treated seedlings to penetrate a rooting medium resulted in significant reductions in seedling fresh weight and in the length and dry weight of roots and shoots. When seedlings were established before exposure to Al, the deleterious effects of Al were not as pronounced; however, root length, root dry weight, and root to shoot ratio were significantly lower for Al-treated seedlings compared with controls. Aluminum stimulated shoot growth, and a trend towards increased shoot length and stem dry weight with increased Al concentration was observed. Increased Al concentration in solution decreased the root to shoot ratio of established seedlings, but significant differences in respiration rate among Al treatments were not evident. The minimal Al concentration at which root elongation and the root dry weight of white spruce seedlings was significantly reduced was 50 μM, a value generally lower than those reported for other North American tree species. This suggests that white spruce seedlings are sensitive to aluminum and that soil acidification with its related increase in soluble aluminum may inhibit the natural establishment of this species.

scholarly journals Response of Sophora secundiflora to Nitrogen Form and Rate

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1303-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise Rodriguez ◽  
Mengmeng Gu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Form ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root To Shoot Ratio ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Mountain Laurel

Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora) is a native shrub tolerating drought, heat, windy conditions, and alkaline or wet soils. However, its availability is somewhat low and little information is available on nutrient requirement and other culture information. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to quantify the responses of Texas mountain laurel to different forms and rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. In Expt. 1, 1-year old seedlings were treated for 194 days with three NO3:NH4 ratios at 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 and two rates of N at 100 and 200 mg·L−1 in a factorial design. There was no interaction between the N rate and form on any growth parameters. Nitrogen form did not significantly affect shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root–to-shoot ratio, or the total dry weight. There was no significant difference between N rate of 100 and 200 mg·L−1 on root dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, or the total dry weight. The shoot dry weight of Texas mountain laurel fertilized with 100 mg·L−1 was higher compared with that of the plants fertilized at 200 mg·L−1. The reduced shoot dry weight at N of 200 mg·L−1 was the result of the higher substrate salinity. In Expt. 2, seedlings were fertilized with five N rates (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg·L−1) for 203 days. Plants watered with 150, 200, and 250 mg·L−1 were taller than those fertilized with 50 mg·L−1. The shoot height of plants watered with 100 mg·L−1 was only significantly different from 50 mg·L−1. For rapid growth of Texas mountain laurel, a N rate range of ≈150 mg·L−1 was recommended supplied with a combination of NO3-N and NH4-N in the ratios of 0.3 to 3.0.

EFFETS DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTÉE SUR LA CROISSANCE DE TRANSPLANTS DE TOMATE ET DE LAITUE CULTIVÉS EN PLATEAUX MULTICELLULAIRES AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1199-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN MASSON ◽  
ANDRÉ GOSSELIN ◽  
NICOLAS TREMBLAY
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root To Shoot Ratio ◽  
Fertilisation Azotée

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Springset’) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ’Ithaca’) transplants were grown under natural and supplemental light (100 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR) and fertilized with four nitrogen doses (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L−1 N). Supplemental light increased tomato shoot dry weight, shoot percent dry matter, leaf area, root dry weight, and root-to-shoot ratio. Lettuce transplants showed increased shoot and root dry weight as well as leaf area when supplemental light was present. For both species, nitrogen increased shoot dry weight and leaf area, but decreased shoot percent dry matter and root-to-shoot ratio. High nitrogen doses increased tomato and lettuce shoot dry weight and leaf area chiefly under supplemental light.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, Lactuca sativa, pretransplanting nutritional conditioning, seedling

Growth, morphology, and gas exchange in white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings acclimated to different humidity conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1038-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J Roberts ◽  
Janusz J Zwiazek
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Net Assimilation

The study examined the effects of different relative humidity conditions at germination, early growth, and following cold storage on morphological and physiological characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings. Seedlings that were grown for 18 weeks following seed germination at the lower, 30% RH (RHinitial) treatments were shorter and had smaller stem diameters, shorter needles with more epicuticular wax, and a greater density of needles per centimetre stem, compared with the 80% RHinitial seedlings. After 18 weeks of growth under 30, 50, and 80% RH, the seedlings were hardened off, stored for 8 weeks at 3°C and planted in pots in growth chambers under 42 and 74% relative humidity (RHsubsequent). Under 74% RHsubsequent conditions, the lower RHinitial seedlings flushed sooner and had higher growth rates compared with the higher RHinitial seedlings. When the higher RHinitial seedlings were placed under 42% RHsubsequent conditions, their bud flush was delayed, and subsequent growth rates were lower compared with the lower RHinitial seedlings. When measured at 40% RH, seedlings subjected to lower RHinitial had higher net assimilation rates and stomatal conductance compared with the seedlings acclimated to higher RHinitial humidity. It was concluded that the humidity conditions present during early seedling growth following germination significantly affect their morphological and physiological characteristics during the second growth season.

The influence of pH on the toxicity of a low concentration of aluminum to white spruce seedlings

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1488-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nosko ◽  
Kenneth A. Kershaw
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Key Words Aluminum

Week-old white spruce seedlings were grown for 7 days at pH 4.5, 3.9, 3.65, or 3.5 using a continuous flow system to deliver experimental solutions. At each pH, seedlings received either no aluminum or 10 μM Al, a concentration 2 – 3 orders of magnitude lower than the reported minimum Al concentrations required to induce toxicity symptoms in seedlings of a variety of tree species. In – Al treatments, root elongation was reduced at pH 3.9 and root dry weight was reduced at pH 3.5, compared with seedlings grown at pH 4.5. Exposure to 10 μM Al caused further reduction of root growth, the magnitude of which increased as pH decreased. This suggests that seedling root growth was affected by the increased proportion of the total Al existing as phytotoxic Al3+ at lower pH values or by an interaction of Al3+ and H+. Neither pH nor Al affected shoot growth. Both acidity and Al could limit natural regeneration of white spruce by preventing seedling establishment. Key words: aluminum toxicity, soil acidity, forest decline, white spruce, Picea glauca, forest regeneration.

Growth and water relationships of red spruce seedlings exposed to atmospheric deposition and drought

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Roberts ◽  
William N. Cannon Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Two-year-old containerized seedlings of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) were subjected to ozone (O3) fumigation (0.25 ppm), simulated acid rain (pH 4.2 or 3.0), and drought prior to measurement of changes in growth and plant water status. Drought caused a significant decline in terminal height growth and new-shoot dry weight, but old-shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio were not appreciably affected. Deposition treatment (O3 and (or) acid rain) influenced both shoot and root dry weight but did not significantly affect height or root/shoot ratio. Treatment with either 0.25 ppm O3 alone or pH 3.0 rainfall alone caused the greatest reduction in growth, while treatment with 0.25 ppm O3 + pH 4.2 rain had the least effect. The influence of deposition treatment generally was more pronounced in seedlings subjected to drought than in well-watered plants. Seedlings subjected to drought had lower (more negative) water potentials than well-watered plants regardless of deposition treatment. While there were no significant differences in the water status of well-watered seedlings exposed to various deposition treatments, xylem water potential and osmotic potential of drought-stressed seedlings treated with O3 alone were consistently lower than these characteristics in seedlings treated with O3 + acid rain together. Except for one deposition treatment (0.25 ppm O3 + pH 3.0 rain) there was no evidence for osmotic adjustment of red spruce seedlings in response to stress factors imposed in this study.

scholarly journals Interaction of SiO2 Nanoparticles with Seed Prechilling on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Tall Wheatgrass (Agropyron Elongatum L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyhane Azimi ◽  
Mohammad Jankju Borzelabad ◽  
Hassan Feizi ◽  
Amin Azimi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Early Seedling

Abstract The effect of six SiO2 nanosized concentrations (0, 5, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg L-1) and three seed prechilling treatments (control, seed prechilling before nano SiO2 treatments, treatments of seed with nano SiO2 before prechilling) on germination and seedling growth of tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum L.) were studied. Results indicated that application of SiO2 nanoparticles significantly increased seed germination of tall wheatgrass from 58 percent in control group to 86.3 and 85.7 percent in 40 and 60 mg L-1, respectively. Applying SiO2 nanoparticles increased dry weight of shoot, root and seedling of tall wheatgrass. Increasing concentration of nanoparticle from 0 up to 40 mg L-1 increased seedling weight around 49 percent compared to the control, nevertheless decreased under 60 and 80 mg L-1 treatments. In conclusion, seed prechilling in combination with SiO2 nanoparticles largely broke the seed dormancy for A. elongatum.

scholarly journals Screening for Drought-tolerant Genotypes of Persian Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) During Seed Germination

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kourosh Vahdati ◽  
Naser Lotfi ◽  
Bahman Kholdebarin ◽  
Darab Hassani ◽  
Reza Amiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Critical Range ◽  
Percent Germination

The effects of osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol on the seed germination of 16 walnut genotypes (‘Z30’, ‘Z53’, ‘Z67’, ‘Z60’, ‘Z63’, ‘K72’, ‘B21’, ‘V30’, ‘Panegine20’, ‘Hartley’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Vina’, ‘Lara’, ‘Serr’, ‘Ronde de Montignac’, and ‘Chandler’) of Juglans regia L. were studied. Potted seeds were kept under controlled conditions (12/12-h light/dark photoperiod and 25 ± 1 °C) during the experiments. The objective was to screen genotypes and determine the critical range of osmotic potential (ψS) for walnut seeds during germination. Decreasing the ψS of the germination solutions markedly reduced germination percentage in all genotypes, but there were variations in degree among the genotypes. The Z genotypes were the most sensitive to osmotic stress, and their germination rates were the lowest at ψS more negative than –0.75 MPa. Cluster analysis produced a dendrogram with four groups differing in their tolerance to osmotic stress. Based on factor analysis, four factors explained 90.45% of data total variance. Factor analysis showed that tissue fresh and dry weight, tissue water content, and thickness were the most important traits under drought condition. Regression analysis failed to show a significant relationship between percent germination and either seed weight (r2 = 0.0601) or kernel weight (r2 = 0.0258).

scholarly journals (111) Establishment of Root-bound Plumbago auriculata Lam. in a Landscape

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1078D-1078
Author(s):  
Sudeep Vyapari ◽  
Edmund L. Thralls ◽  
Michele S. Scheiber
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Harvest Dates

A study was conducted to evaluate establishment of root-bound vs. nonroot-bound container-grown Plumbago auriculata Lam. in a landscape. A total of 144 plants were transplanted from #1 containers in a rain-out shelter at Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka, Fla., in June 2004. The field soil type was amended with composted yard waste. The three treatment types used for the study were: 1) root-bound plants; 2) root-bound plants with a vertical slice made through the root ball at a 90° angle; and 3) nonroot-bound plants. To evaluate the effect of these three treatments during the course of establishment period, harvesting was done once every 2 weeks. Data on growth indices (height × width × width), shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and length of the longest root were recorded. The experimental design was a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments, 12 harvest dates (days after planting), and four replicates per harvest date. Plants were maintained according to the best management practices recommended by the UF/IFAS, and were irrigated once a day using microirrigation. Experimental data were analyzed for significance of correlation among variables using SAS version 9.1. Results of the correlation and regression analysis indicated that the increase in the shoot dry weights (g), root dry weights (g), growth indices (m3), and root: shoot ratio had significant relationship with the harvest dates. Correlation among harvest dates and shoot dry weight, root dry weight, or growth indices was found to be positive. However, results of the study indicated that as the number of days after planting increased, the root to shoot ratio decreased.

Effects of sand burial on seed germination, seedling emergence, survival, and growth of Agropyron psammophilum

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
M. A. Maun
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Sand Burial ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on seed germination, seedling emergence, survival, and growth of Agropyron psammophilum. In the field, seedlings of A. psammophilum emerged from burial depths ranging from 0 to 7 cm. The mean depth of seedling emergence was 2.96 ± 1.06 (mean ± SD) cm, with more than 80% individuals emerging from 0 to 4 cm depths of sand burial. In a greenhouse, seeds of A. psammophilum were artificially buried by sand to depths of 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 cm. Higher emergence percentages were obtained at 2 and 4 cm burial depths and no seedling emerged from depths greater than 8 cm. The percent germination of buried seeds, percent emergence, and emergence rte of seedlings showed negative correlation with burial depth. Burial of young seedlings up to a depth of 6 cm stimulated their growth in height, leaf and tiller production, and overall dry weight. When the burial depth exceeded 6 cm, some seedlings died and if seedlings were buried to 100% of their height (11 cm for 1-week-old and 22 cm for 2-week-old seedlings), all seedlings died.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rye Straw ◽  
A Minor

Several kinds of seedbed mulch were used in an experiment to study frost heaving of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in a nursery. Treatments consisted of silica gravel (of three sizes), hardwood sawdust, vermiculite, shredded sphagnum, mixed silica and sphagnum, and rye straw (the regular nursery mulch). These were applied to beds sown in the fall of 1958, 1959 and I960. Shading of beds during the winter between the first and second growing seasons was also examined.During the first growing season, several counts were made of the number of trees and weeds. At the beginning of the second growing season a count was made of the trees heaved and the residual stand. At the beginning of the third growing season, samples were taken for laboratory measurements of top length, root length, stem diameter, oven-dry weight and top-root ratio.The sawdust mulch was superior in most respects. It permitted the highest germination and survival, better prevention of heaving than rye straw, and better weed control than rye straw. Although the sawdust mulch treatment produced small and poorly balanced trees this was believed due chiefly to high bed density, and compared favourably with the rye straw. The use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch offered considerable advantage over the presently used rye-straw.Heaving was found to be a minor cause of mortality over the three year period examined. Shading of the beds offered no advantage in reducing this loss.

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