A comparison of the death induced by fungal invasion or toxic chemicals in cowpea epidermal cells. I. Cell death induced by heavy metal salts

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. F. Meyer ◽  
Michèle C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Copper Salts ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

Death was induced in cowpea leaf epidermal cells by the application of the metal salts CuCl2, CuSO4, and HgCl2. When unfixed, salt-treated cells were observed by light microscopy, their degeneration and death were seen to follow a series of stages: (1) cessation of cytoplasmic streaming, (2) morphological changes in the cytoplasm such as the formation of large vesicles and the appearance of particles in the vacuole, and (3) protoplast collapse. The relative timing of these stages after salt application was affected by the nature and concentration of the chemical used. The application of fluorescein diacetate and plasmolysing sucrose solutions before or after the addition of the copper salts suggested that the semipermeability of the tonoplast was lost during stage 2 and that of the protoplast boundary at stage 3. Following the cessation of cytoplasmic streaming, the changes observed in unfixed cells occurred rapidly and correlated well with the ultrastructural changes observed in the same cells after fixation. First, microtubules appeared to decrease in abundance. Then coiled polyribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies rapidly became undetectable, mitochondrial cristae became dilated, and the cytoplasm consisted of aggregates of ribosome-containing material interspersed with vesicles. However, the study also showed that the first observable sign of degeneration seen in unfixed cells (i.e., the cessation of cytoplasmic streaming) appears to have no clearly diagnostic feature detectable by electron microscopy.

A comparison of the death induced by fungal invasion or toxic chemicals in cowpea epidermal cells. II. Responses induced by Erysiphe cichoracearum

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. F. Meyer ◽  
Michèle C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Erysiphe Cichoracearum ◽  
Cytoplasmic Aggregate

Cowpea leaves were inoculated with the plantain powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe cichoracearum, and fresh epidermal cells overlying veins were examined by light microscopy before being cleared or prepared for electron microscopy. Fungal appressoria usually formed a haustorium in the underlying nonhost cell, but only after what appeared to be an unsuccessful penetration attempt that induced a transient cytoplasmic aggregate, a ring of autofluorescence in the plant wall (best seen in cleared tissue), and in two examples observed ultrastructurally, a small penetration peg embedded in a callose-like papilla. The haustorium developed from a different penetration peg and elicited the death of the invaded cell. As reported for the death of cowpea epidermal cells elicited by CuCl2, cytoplasmic changes that occurred rapidly in fresh tissue after cytoplasmic streaming had stopped correlated closely with changes in ultrastructure. Compared with the CuCl2 study, microtubules and Golgi bodies disappeared faster and membranes appeared more disorganized. These data suggest that in cowpea epidermal cells, ultrastructural changes accurately predict the onset of cell death and may also reflect differences in its modes of induction.

Heavy Metals and the Mammalian Thymus: In Vivo and In Vitro Investigations

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Ficek
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

This experiment was performed to investigate changes in the thymus of Wistar-strain male rats administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and lead chloride (PbCl2) salts. The study involved measurement of: 1) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content; 2) ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content; 3) incorporation of 3h-thymidine during in-vitro investigation; and 4) histological and morphological changes. It was shown in investigations on DNA content that administration of heavy metal salts caused an average 76% decrease in DNA content compared to the control. Moreover, in the thymus of experimental animals, an average 69% decrease in vitamin C content was recorded. In in vitro cultures, heavy metal salts decreased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in thymic cells.

scholarly journals The features of morphological changes in the urinary bladder under combined effect of heavy metal salts

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatolii Romaniuk ◽  
Vladyslav Sikora ◽  
Mykola Lyndin ◽  
Vladyslav Smiyanov ◽  
Volodymyr Sikora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

scholarly journals The morphological changes in parathyroid glands, caused simulated prolonged influence of heavy metal salts

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
A. Romaniuk ◽  
O. Tymakova ◽  
J. Lyndina ◽  
N. Gryntsova ◽  
I. Kravtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The main problem today is environmental pollution with heavy metal salts. Biological activity and their ability to accumulate in the environment and the body leads to the disruption of many systems and organs. Parathyroid glands are important regulators of calcium homeostasis, which affects a lot of physiological processes in the body. Therefore, the work is devoted to the study of the morphological and functional characteristics of the parathyroid glands of laboratory rats under conditions of prolonged use of a combination of heavy metal salts. Study of the peculiarities of the structure and functional activity of the glands was carried out on adult male rats (n = 12). The animals were divided into groups: the first — its control, the second — rats, which received a water solution of a mixture of salts of heavy metals. The material was taken on the 90th day of the experiment. Histological preparations were made 5–7 microns thick, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Study of the linear parameters of the parathyroid glands was carried out on the largest longitudinal section. The area of the glands and cells, the thickness of the capsule and the layer of connective tissue in the parenchyma of the organ were measured. During the laboratory study of the blood of rats, the content of calcium and magnesium was determined, as well as the activity of parathyroid hormone. Conducted statistical treatment of the data. It has been established that with long-term admission of a combination of salts of heavy metals into the organism of rats leads to morphological changes in the parenchyma and stroma of the glands, there are changes in the content of calcium and magnesium in the biochemical parameters of blood, as well as inhibition of parathormone secretion. In the future, it is planned to study the morphofunctional features of the parathyroid glands in the process of readoptation after consuming a combination of heavy metal salts.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGICAL REARRANGEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN THE RAT PINEAL GLAND UNDER THE IMPACT OF HEAVY METAL SALTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Natalia Гринцова ◽  
Anatolii Romanyuk ◽  
Ingrid Hodorova ◽  
Ludmila Karpenko ◽  
Serhii Dmytruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
General Adaptation Syndrome ◽  
General Adaptation ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rat Pineal Gland

The development of the pathology of individual organs and systems undoubtedly depends on adverse environmental factors. Particular attention of researchers attracts heavy metal salts. Epiphyseal hormones play a key role in regulating and maintaining basic body functions. The article presents the results of the study on morphological and morphometric rearrangements of structural changes in the rat pineal gland influence for 30 days of heavy metal salts (sulfates of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, plumbers’ nitrite and chrome oxide). The selected concentration of salts in the mixture was due to the presence of similar concentrations of these salts in the soil and drinking water in some regions of Ukraine according to literature sources. General morphological and statistical research methods were used (histological, morphometric and variational statistics methods). The 30-days impact of the heavy metal salts combination on the rat body caused in the pineal gland morphological changes of nonspecific polymorphic nature, which were expressed in the increased vascular area, active glial response, hypertrophy of pinealocyte nuclei and increase of their optical density. Cytological signs in most pinealocytes indicated the predominance of indolamine synthesis over polypeptides. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of heavy metal salts on the organ have been established: change in the vascular lumen area, blood rheological properties impairment, tissue hypoxia, nucleus hypertrophy and change in their optical density.  Morphological changes in the gland comply with the stress phase of the general adaptation syndrome. The above morphological changes negatively affected the processes of hormones evacuation into the blood, the course of the general adaptation syndrome and the homeostasis restoration in the organ.

scholarly journals THE POSSIBILITY OF USING CYANOBACTERIA SYNECHOCYSTIS SP. FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF WATER POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METAL SALTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 656-660
Author(s):  
Elena V. Polozova ◽  
V. V. Shilov ◽  
A. S. Bogacheva ◽  
I. N. Klyushkin
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Experimental Toxicology ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Synechocystis Sp

For the first time there are provided data on the toxicity of salts of heavy metals to the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. CALU 713 and PCC 6803. Changes of light and temperature conditions were shown to modify cyanobacteria sensitivity to the toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. The toxicity of salts of heavy metals is determined by the dose-dependent effect of the reducing the growth rate of cyanobacteria in the incubation medium on water basis. Changes of light and temperature culture conditions modify the sensitivity of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. to toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. The decrease in temperature and light in various degrees enhances the toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. Morphological changes of cyanobacteria, caused by the toxic action of salts of heavy metals were established to be nonspecific, regardless of the strain and species of the studied toxicant, showing the change of shapes and sizes, including dividing cells. At the ultrastructural level morphological changes in the cells of cyanobacteria are represented by changes of the thickness and the integrity of peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall; the damage to intracellular organelles relevant to energy metabolism: divergent tilakoid membranes with formation of intratilakoid spaces; agglutination of phycobilisomes and accumulation of polyphosphate granules; fibrous transformation of nucleoplasms with the loss of the typical granulation. A strain of Synechocystis sp. CALU 713is the most sensitive to the toxic action of salts of heavy metals and, therefore, suitable for the use in experimental toxicology. Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. CALU 713 and PCC 6803 are promising test-object in experimental toxicology for the assessment of the degree of water pollution with heavy metal salts. There were obtained parameters of toxicity of heavy metal salts (AgNO3; 3CdSO4•8H2O; Hg(CH3COO)2; CuSO4•5H2O) for two strains of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. In these circumstances there were revealed morphological changes of the surface ultrastructure of cells of Synechocystis sp.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of morphogenetic disorders in the lower jaw under the influence of heavy metal salts on the body

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Anatolii Romaniuk ◽  
Anna Borisivna Korobchanska ◽  
Yevhen Kuzenko ◽  
Mykola Lyndin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

The ultrastructure of M1-a-mediated resistance to powdery mildew infection in barley

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 2589-2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Dense Material ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Powdery Mildew Infection ◽  
Cell Protoplast

M1-a-mediated resistance in barley to invasion by the CR3 race of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei does not occur in every host cell with the same speed and severity. In some cells ultrastructural changes within the host cell as a result of resistance will occur within 24 h after inoculation, whereas in other cells these changes may take up to 72 h. In some cells the ultrastructural changes are so drastic that they give the appearance of a hypersensitive death of the host cell, whereas in other cells the changes are very slight. In any case, at the end of these changes the fungus ceases growth. The ultrastructural changes occur in penetrated host epidermal cells as well as non-infected adjacent epidermal and mesophyll cells.The following ultrastructural changes have been observed: (1) an electron-dense material which occurs either free in the vacuole or adhering to the tonoplast (the material is granular or in large clumps); (2) an increased electron density of the host cytoplasm and nucleus; (3) a breakdown of the tonoplast so that the cytoplasmic constituents become dispersed throughout the cell lumen; and (4) the deposition of papillar-like material in areas other than the penetration site. The first three changes take place within the host cell protoplasts and are directly attributable to the gene M1-a. These changes are typical of stress or incompatibility responses and thus M1-a appears to trigger a generalized incompatibility response in the presence of race CR3. The papillar-like material occurs outside the host cell protoplast in the same manner as the papilla and probably is not directly attributable to M1-a.

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