Characterization of stomatal development in Dianthus chinensis

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalia Pappas ◽  
Patricia McManus ◽  
Peter Vanderveer ◽  
Judith Croxdale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Area Basis

Stomatal differentiation in Dianthus chinensis leaves was characterized structurally and functionally using plants of the seventh plastochron. Development of stomata was followed using scanning electron microscopy. The maturity of the stomatal complex, the existence of an open stomatal pore, and the localization of K+ within guard cells were used as indicators of stomatal function. The results showed that stomatal development spanned a 10- to 12-day period, which began on the fourth youngest pair of leaves and was completed in the middle of the blade of the sixth youngest leaf pair where stomatal function was acquired. Stomatal frequency on an area basis decreased from the base to the tip of the leaf blade and from the abaxial to the adaxial surface of the leaf. There was a 10-fold decline in the frequency of stomata during leaf maturation; frequency on the abaxial leaf surface was about twice that on the adaxial surface. Dimensions of the antechamber aperture changed during development but at maturity exhibited a range of lengths and widths that was independent of stomatal location on the leaf. The localization of K+ in guard cells occurred only in the later stages of differentiation and was absent in stomata of senescing leaves.

The distribution of some Rastrococcus spp. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on mango in India

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Uma Narasimham ◽  
M.J. Chacko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface

AbstractThe distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2 m compared with above 2 m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred.

The morphogenesis of substomatal structures in Polypodium vulgare

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (23) ◽  
pp. 2873-2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Stevens ◽  
E. S. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Complex ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Stomatal Complex

The development of substomatal sacs and the capacity of the underlying ion-adsorbent sites to accumulate potassium is examined in relation to the ontogeny of the stomatal complex and mature guard cells of the fern, Polypodium vulgare. It is suggested that while the substomatal structures are formed at an early stage of stomatal development, their functional capacity may not be fully realised until the guard cell complex is fully matured.

Stomatal ontogeny and morphology in Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to infection structure initiation by Uromyces appendiculatus

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Terhune ◽  
E. A. Allen ◽  
H. C. Hoch ◽  
W. P. Wergin ◽  
E. F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Uromyces Appendiculatus ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Appressorium Formation ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells

The development and morphology of the stomatal complex in Phaseolus vulgaris was examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The outer aperture formed between the stomatal guard cells was bordered by cuticular ledges, 1.2–5.3 μm wide. These were composed of a matrix of electron-dense fibrils supporting an autofluorescent amorphous outer layer, homologous to the cuticle. This layer of cuticle lined the ventral walls of the guard cells and extended into the substomatal chamber. During stomatal development, as the guard cells separated, the outer cuticular layer covering the incipient aperture stretched and split, forming stomatal lips. These lips, 0.2–1.4 μm wide, were oriented horizontally, upright, and folded back from the ledge in TEM thin sections. In cryopreserved stomata, the lips were generally oriented upright regardless of whether the outer aperture was open or closed. Previous studies have implicated that stomatal lips may function to signal appressorium formation in urediniospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus. This study indicated that dimensions of the lips were within the parameters required to induce appressorium formation on artificial membranes. Other components of the stomatal architecture may also be involved in the induction of appressorium formation. Key words: Uromyces appendiculatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, stomata, cuticle, appressoria.

Litsea dorsalicana (Lauraceae): a new species from limestone areas in northern Guangxi, China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
MENG-QI HAN ◽  
YU-SONG HUANG ◽  
JING LIU ◽  
WEI-BIN XU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Base Cuneate ◽  
A New Species

Litsea dorsalicana, a new species of Lauraceae from northern Guangxi, China is described and illustrated. It is similar to Litsea elongata, but can be distinguished from the latter by twigs, buds and abaxial leaf surface densely covered with gray-white pubescence, leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong, to 29.5 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, base cuneate to attenuate, fruit red, cupule cup-shaped, once or twice cleft at the margin.

Stomatal and anatomical leaf characteristics of 10 Populus clones

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ceulemans ◽  
I. Impens ◽  
V. Steenackers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Stomatal Length

Stomatal characteristics (frequency and length of stomata on adaxial and abaxial leaf surface) and anatomical characteristics (thickness of epidermal, palisade, and spongy layers) of field-grown plants of Populus clones, six of American, two of European, and two of Euramerican origin, were studied. All clones except one were amphistomatous and all clones had most stomata on the abaxial leaf surface. In all clones the spongy parenchyma layer was thicker than the palisade layer. Stomatal and anatomical characteristics varied significantly among clones. Both cluster analysis and principal-component analysis, utilizing mean clonal values of stomatal and anatomical characters as independent variables, indicated that these characteristics were related to place of origin and to parentage. Different groupings of the clones were observed on the basis of abaxial stomatal length and total stomatal frequency. Abaxial and mean stomatal length were significantly correlated with yield (represented by stem volume data), but relationships between other characteristics and yield were not significant.

scholarly journals Taxonomic significance of stomatal complex in fifteen species of Dendrobium Swartz (Orchidaceae) of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Baba Maiya Pradhan ◽  
Devendra M. Bajracharya
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
The Family

Dendrobium Swartz is one of the largest and most problematic genus of the tribe Dendrobieae of the family Orchidaceae. Nepal harbors about thirty-one species of Dendrobium. Micro morphological characters like the stomatal complex in fifteen species of DendrobiumSwartz (Orchidaceae) of Nepal were studied for understanding the taxonomic significance of stomatal complex within the genus. For the study of stomatal complex of leaf, Carpenter’smethod was followed. Stomatal index and stomatal frequency were calculated using formulagiven by Salisbury. The terminologies used for the stomatal complex type were followed those of Patel. In all species the leaf surface was found hypostamic. Tetracytic (a-tetra-monocyclic,b-tetra-monocyclic and c-tetra-monocyclic) and eupara twi-monocyclic with hexa-monocyclictypes of stomata were recorded in the genus. Tetracytic type was found in fourteen species and eupara twi-monocyclic with hexa-monocyclic was found in only one species. The elliptical shape of stomata was found in more species than the circular shape. The epidermal cells of leaf was found rectangular, square, polygonal to irregular. The distribution of stomata on leaf surface, type of stomata and shape of epidermal cells were found to be taxonomically significant. These characters could be used as distinguishing characters to delimit the species in the genus.

Characterization of Waxy Material of the Giant Whitefly, Aleurodicus Dugesii, Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CGC-MS)

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 121-122
Author(s):  
T. P. Freeman ◽  
D. R. Nelson ◽  
J. S. Buckner ◽  
R. L. Ruud ◽  
C. L. Fatland
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Waxy Material ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Scanning Electron

The giant whitefly is a pest, particularly of Hibiscus and sometimes avocados, in southern California. The insect is unique in that the nymphal stages produce copious quantities of waxy material differing in structure and chemical composition. Adults produce a waxy material (waxy particles) which covers them and surrounding surfaces, and the female also produces a waxy material with which she forms a circular trail of wax strands on the abaxial leaf surface.Waxy particles produced by male and female adults consisted of long-chain aldehydes and alcohols, largely 32 carbons in chain length. As waxy ribbons extruded from anterior abdominal wax plates, they are periodically broken off by the tibia and the resulting particles coat adults, nymphs and surrounding surfaces. The female has a second set of wax plates posteriorly on her abdomen which produce waxy strands. As her abdomen drags along the abaxial leaf surface during oviposition these strands break off forming a waxy trail camouflaging the eggs.The nymphs produce several types of waxy material. Two types are produced at the same time from 10 pores on the dorsal surface; waxy material is extruded as a filament on which a second waxy material curls off as extrusion occurs.

scholarly journals Infection Studies of Mycosphaerella fijiensis on Banana and the Control of Black Sigatoka with Chlorothalonil

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1185-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Washington ◽  
J. Cruz ◽  
F. Lopez ◽  
M. Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Mycosphaerella Fijiensis ◽  
Black Sigatoka ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Banana Leaves

Infection studies with Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of black Sigatoka disease of banana (Musa AAA), demonstrated that the abaxial leaf surface is the primary infection site. Inoculation of banana plants with M. fijiensis ascospores on the abaxial surface of young leaves resulted in disease symptoms in 100% of the leaves inoculated within 18 to 30 days; whereas only 5% of the leaves inoculated on the adaxial surface showed black Sigatoka symptoms within 10 weeks. Disease symptoms appeared more rapidly on the new, emerging leaves than on the first and second fully expanded leaves. Application of chlorothalonil (1.08 kg a.i. ha-1) to the abaxial surface of emerging leaves resulted in 99 to 100% disease control in the treated area. When the emerging leaf was not sprayed until fully expanded, disease control was reduced to 76 to 80%. Application of chlorothalonil to the adaxial surface of banana leaves had little or no impact on disease control. Chlorothalonil arrested hyphal growth when applied to banana leaves after ascospores had already germinated and reduced the rate of lesion expansion when applied to the abaxial leaf surface after symptom appearance. Chlorothalonil was less effective than systemic fungicides in reducing production of M. fijiensis pseudothecia in infected tissue. When systemic and protectant fungicides were applied to infected leaf tissue, none of the fungicides affected the viability of ascospores that were discharged from pseudothecia produced in that tissue. For successful control of black Sigatoka with chlorothalonil, deposition of the fungicide on the abaxial leaf surface is essential.

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