Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales; Calamitaceae)

Michael A. Cichan

doi:10.1139/b86-087

Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales; Calamitaceae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b86-087 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 688-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Michael A. Cichan

Keyword(s):

Cambial Activity ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Quantitative Evidence ◽

Wood Development ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Anticlinal Division ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Cambium Activity ◽

Developmental Characteristics ◽

Ray Initials

Vascular cambium activity was examined in Arthropitys communis (Binney) Hirmer et Knoell, and A. deltoides Cichan et Taylor, anatomically preserved calamite stems from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky. Developmental characteristics of the meristem were inferred from changes in the size and number of tracheids and ray cells determined from serial tangential sections of the secondary xylem. In A. communis, circumferential enlargement of the cambium seems to have been accommodated primarily by the enlargement of fusiform initials. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is also presented indicating that “marginal” interfascicular ray initials were converted to fusiform initials during the early stages of cambial activity. In A. deltoides, circumferential enlargement of the meristem was accommodated by the enlargement of fusiform initials and by an increase in size and number of interfascicular ray initials. Multiplicative division of the fascicular ray initials appears to have been an important feature of cambial activity in both species. There is no qualitative or quantitative evidence that the number of fusiform initials in either species was augmented by anticlinal division as in extant seed plants.

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Cambial activity and ray cell abundance in Acer saccharum

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b77-293 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 55 (20) ◽

pp. 2559-2564 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R. A. Gregory

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Unit Area ◽

Ring Width ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Relative Volume ◽

Annual Ring Width ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Ray Cell

The ratio of ray and ray cell initials to fusiform initials of the vascular cambium relative to radial growth rate as reflected in the secondary xylem was studied in stems of Acer saccharum Marsh. Ray initials increased in size as they aged, slowly when growth rate was low, rapidly when it was high, but there was little fluctuation in the number of rays per unit of tangential area; as the cambium increased in circumference, the older, larger rays diverged and new small rays arose in intervening areas, thus maintaining a uniform unit area population independent of growth rate. However, since ray size increased rapidly when growth rate was high, the unit area population of ray cells rose abruptly with accelerating growth rate: the relative volume of xylem ray tissue rose from 8.6 to 12.7% of the total xylem volume when annual ring width increased from 1 to 7 mm. When fast growth was not maintained, the unit area population of ray cells declined slowly as the large rays diverged.

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RAY CONTACTS AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF SOME PINACEAE

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b65-055 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 487-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. W. Bannan

Keyword(s):

Cell Multiplication ◽

Cambial Cell ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Anticlinal Division ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Cambial Cells ◽

Resin Canals

The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication was found to be slightly higher in fusiform initials bordering on fusiform rays than in other cambial cells. The extent of difference was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. Because of the larger size of fusiform rays as compared to uniseriate rays, cambial cells adjoining the former were in contact with more ray cells per millimeter of cell length than cambial cells touching only uniseriate rays. As with the frequency of pseudotransverse division, the margin of difference in extent of ray contact was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. The evidence therefore indicates that the higher rate of pseudotransverse division in cambial cells adjoining fusiform rays was correlated with the greater area of ray contact, or more specifically, the increased contact with ray parenchyma cells. The higher rate of anticlinal division was apparently the consequence of an increase in ratio of survival of daughter initials arising in pseudotransverse division, some of the smaller newly formed initials persisting in contrast to the usual failure of similar initials situated elsewhere in the cambium. Mean height of uniseriate rays tended to increase with widening of the annual rings, but the size of fusiform rays was influenced to a much smaller degree. The frequency of fusiform rays, and horizontal resin canals, showed no consistent relationship with growth rate, but appeared to be determined by intrinsic factors.

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Vertical migration of rays leads to the development of a double-storied phenotype in the cambium of Aesculus turbinata

Botany ◽

10.1139/b07-114 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 36-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elżbieta Myśkow ◽

Beata Zagórska-Marek

Keyword(s):

Vertical Migration ◽

Hippophae Rhamnoides ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Common Descent ◽

Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Hippophae Rhamnoïdes L ◽

Ray Cell ◽

Ray Initials

In the vascular cambium of Aesculus turbinata (Blume) the double-storied structure develops slowly. Initially, the arrangement of primary rays is nonstoried. New secondary rays are initiated during cambial expansion. Rays grow by addition of new initials at both ray margins and then split by the intrusive elongation of adjacent fusiform cells. The repetitive splits give rise to groups of several rays of common descent. Initially, the secondary rays are also nonstoried. Later, they become organized into horizontal tiers. This results from the vertical migration of ray initials in the vascular cambium. Controlled polar additions and eliminations of ray-cell initials at the opposite margins of the ray continue until it reaches the appropriate position within the storey of fusiform initials. We postulate that there are at least two mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of ray tiers in cambium. They are unrelated to cell inclination changes, which as described earlier, are known to sometimes induce a double-storied phenotype. The first of these mechanisms, involves initiation of secondary rays exactly within the storeys of fusiform initials, as in Hippophaë rhamnoides L. The second mechanism, present in A. turbinata, is based on the dynamic, controlled migration of rays.

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Correlation of intrusive growth of cambial initials to rearrangement of rays in the vascular cambium

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000060 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 313-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Anna Wilczek ◽

Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽

Paweł Kojs ◽

Muhammad Iqbal ◽

Wiesław Włoch

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Tilia Cordata ◽

Intrusive Growth ◽

Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Cambial Cells ◽

The One ◽

Fusiform Initial ◽

Ray Initials

It is well documented that apical elongation of fusiform cambial initials through extension of their longitudinal edges, and their intrusion between tangential walls of the neighbouring initials and their closest derivatives cause rearrangement of fusiform cells, without increasing the cambial circumference. However, the concurrent rearrangement of rays is not fully understood. This study deals with Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L., possessing a nonstoreyed, storeyed and double-storeyed type of cambium, respectively, and shows that the mechanism for rearrangement of ray initials is similar to the one proposed for fusiform initials, and includes multiplication of ray initials by anticlinal divisions, intrusive growth of ray initials, elimination of ray initials caused by intrusive growth of neighbouring fusiform initials, and transformation of ray initials into fusiform initials. Intrusive growth of a ray initial does not necessarily lead to the formation of a new fusiform initial, as it is dependent on the extent of the intrusive growth taken place. The extent of rearrangement of cambial cells is determined by the intensity of events occurring among the fusiform as well as ray initials. Intrusive growth of these initials does not influence the size of the cambial circumference.

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The Impact of Changing Climate on the Cambial Activity during Radial Growth in Some Citrus Species

Plant Stress Physiology ◽

10.5772/intechopen.93202 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Moin Ahmad Khan ◽

M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Radial Growth ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Age Effects ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Citrus Species ◽

The Third ◽

Changing Climate ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Cambial Cells ◽

The Impact

This study on radial growth in the stem of Citrus was carried out with an aim to notice the behavior of vascular cambium with respect to climatic and age effects. The fusiform initials vary in length from 137 to 363 μm in C. limon, 100 to 463 μm in C. paradisi, 137 to 413 μm in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and 137 to 375 μm in C. sinensis. The length rises with age, followed by decline and then again increase in C. limon. In C. paradisi, there is increase up to maximum and after decline is soon followed by constancy. In C. reticulata var. kinnow, increase in length from top to base in C. sinensis, increase up to maximum followed by a decline. Swelling of cambial cells occurs in the third week of March in C. limon, last week of March in C. paradisi, third week of April in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and second week of April in C. sinensis. The cambium turns dormant in early October in C. limon, late December in C. paradisi, early December in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and early November in C. sinensis. Thus, the cambium remains active for about 6 months in C. limon and C. sinensis, 9 months in C. paradisi, and 7 months in C. reticulata var. kinnow.

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GIRTH INCREASE IN WHITE CEDAR STEMS OF IRREGULAR FORM

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b57-036 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 425-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M. W. Bannan

Keyword(s):

Radial Pressure ◽

Cell Length ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

White Cedar ◽

Anticlinal Division ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Irregular Form ◽

Cambial Cells

In coniferous stems the rate of multiplication of fusiform initials in the vascular cambium by means of pseudotransverse division often fluctuates considerably around the circumference. In fluted stems the frequency of these divisions is appreciably higher and the ratio of survival of the newly formed initials relative to the rate of production lower in the depressions than in the adjoining convex portions of the perimeter. The probability that compression is a factor tending to accelerate the frequency of anticlinal division is indicated by the decided increase in rate in areas of the stem subjected to radial pressure. Higher frequencies of pseudotransverse division are accompanied by reduction in mean cell length of the cambial cells and hence of the derived wood elements.

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Anatomical modification by 2,4-DB of vascular cambium and secondary xylem in soybean internodes

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-263 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (10) ◽

pp. 2142-2146 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Normal Wood ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Anatomical Changes ◽

Gelatinous Fibers ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Ray Initials

Anatomical changes in the vascular cambium and secondary xylem of the first internode of soybeans were observed 15 days after an aqueous spray of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) was applied at 0.56 kg acid equivalent per hectare. The cambium became a meristem of initials, which were intermediate in morphology between normal ray and fusiform initials, and the system of ray initials was lost. The xylem lost its rays and became a tissue in which narrow vessel members abnormally outnumbered the axial parenchyma cells, libriform fibers, and gelatinous fibers which were common in normal wood. The herbicide inhibited the normal expansion of vessel-member primordia.

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THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN CONIFER CAMBIUM

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b57-072 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 875-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

M. W. Bannan

Keyword(s):

Relative Frequency ◽

Small Cells ◽

Rate Of Growth ◽

Different Types ◽

Anticlinal Division ◽

Fusiform Initials ◽

Cambial Cells ◽

Mother Cells ◽

Ray Initials

The fusiform cambial cells of conifers undergo two types of anticlinal division, pseudotransverse division and division to produce small cells off the side. Pseudotransverse divisions are largely confined to the cambial initials, only a small percentage of such divisions occurring in the derived tissue mother cells. The incidence of pseudotransverse divisions outside the layer of initials tends to rise with the rate of growth. Divisions of the second type, to yield segments off the side, are infrequent and seem generally to involve only the fusiform initials. Behavior of the abscissed segments bears some relationship to size, the shortest segments usually failing, those of intermediate length tending to become reduced to one or more ray initials, and the largest developing as fusiform initials.

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Cambial Activity and Phenology in Three Understory Species along an Altitude Gradient in Mexico

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 506

Author(s):

Mayte S. Jiménez-Noriega ◽

Lauro López-Mata ◽

Teresa Terrazas

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Sierra Nevada ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Life Forms ◽

Dry Season ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Altitude Gradient ◽

The Mean ◽

Trees And Shrubs

The aims of this study were to evaluate the cambial activity and phenology of three species with different life forms (Alchemilla procumbens, Acaena elongata and Ribes ciliatum) along an altitudinal gradient and to establish which environmental variables (light, soil humidity and temperature) had the greatest influence on cambial activity and phenological stages. Over two years, data on phenology, growth and cambium were gathered every four weeks in three to six sites per species in Sierra Nevada, Mexico. The results showed that Ribes is the only species that terminates cambial activity with leaves senescence and is influenced by the minimum soil temperature. The light environment influenced the vegetative stages in Alchemilla (cryptophyte), while in Acaena (hemicryptophyte), the mean soil temperature explained the findings related to leaf area during the dry season and growth along the gradient. In the three species, the reproductive phase dominated for a longer period at higher elevations, especially in Alchemilla. Only Ribes, the phanerophyte, showed a similar cambial activity to other trees and shrubs. Although cambium reactivates during the dry season, no xylogenesis occurs. The three species varied during the time in which vascular cambium was active, and this was dependent on the altitude. Specifically, the variation was more rhythmic in Ribes and switched on and off in Alchemilla. It is likely that, depending on the life form, vascular cambium may be more or less susceptible to one or more climate factors.

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