GIRTH INCREASE IN WHITE CEDAR STEMS OF IRREGULAR FORM

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Pressure ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Irregular Form ◽  
Cambial Cells

In coniferous stems the rate of multiplication of fusiform initials in the vascular cambium by means of pseudotransverse division often fluctuates considerably around the circumference. In fluted stems the frequency of these divisions is appreciably higher and the ratio of survival of the newly formed initials relative to the rate of production lower in the depressions than in the adjoining convex portions of the perimeter. The probability that compression is a factor tending to accelerate the frequency of anticlinal division is indicated by the decided increase in rate in areas of the stem subjected to radial pressure. Higher frequencies of pseudotransverse division are accompanied by reduction in mean cell length of the cambial cells and hence of the derived wood elements.

SPIRAL GRAIN AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF CONIFERS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
High Ratio ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Spiral Grain ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The Right

In the cambium of mature trees a general conformity was found in the orientation of the partition in the pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials through out sectors of varying size. The proportion of divisions deviating from the preferred orientation varied with the tree, the locality, and the species, but was usually less than 10%. As radial accretion followed, periodic reversals occurred in the orientation of anticlinal divisions, the spacing between reversals, in terms of xylem increment, being related to the frequency of anticlinal division. The mean interval shortened as the rate of division rose according to the equation xy = k. While this overall relationship obtained, there was generally some inequality in the relative duration of leftward and rightward orientations of division. In species with grain in the outer wood slanted to the right, a rightward tilt of division persisted for longer periods than a leftward tilt. Conversely, in species with grain slanted to the left, thickness of xylem showing leftward orientation of multiplicative divisions exceeded that with rightward orientation. Changes associated with growth from sapling to adult were studied in Picea, in which genus grain is usually to the left in the inner wood and to the right in the outer wood. Here multiplicative divisions were usually inclined to the left in the growth of the first few years, whereas in the later growth orientation to the right endured for longer periods than to the left. Both orientation of pseudo-transverse division and direction of cell elongation after division seem to be under a general polar control. This apparently is an important element in the induction of spiral grain. Above-average net gain of fusiform initials in the turmoil of cell addition and loss, which accompanies circumferential expansion, may be a contributory factor. Serving to restrain the development of an excessive spirality are periodic reversals in direction of tilt in anticlinal division, and a high ratio of loss of cambial cells relative to the frequency of anticlinal division.

RAY CONTACTS AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF SOME PINACEAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication was found to be slightly higher in fusiform initials bordering on fusiform rays than in other cambial cells. The extent of difference was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. Because of the larger size of fusiform rays as compared to uniseriate rays, cambial cells adjoining the former were in contact with more ray cells per millimeter of cell length than cambial cells touching only uniseriate rays. As with the frequency of pseudotransverse division, the margin of difference in extent of ray contact was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. The evidence therefore indicates that the higher rate of pseudotransverse division in cambial cells adjoining fusiform rays was correlated with the greater area of ray contact, or more specifically, the increased contact with ray parenchyma cells. The higher rate of anticlinal division was apparently the consequence of an increase in ratio of survival of daughter initials arising in pseudotransverse division, some of the smaller newly formed initials persisting in contrast to the usual failure of similar initials situated elsewhere in the cambium. Mean height of uniseriate rays tended to increase with widening of the annual rings, but the size of fusiform rays was influenced to a much smaller degree. The frequency of fusiform rays, and horizontal resin canals, showed no consistent relationship with growth rate, but appeared to be determined by intrinsic factors.

CELL SIZE AND SURVIVAL IN CONIFER CAMBIUM

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan ◽  
Isabel L. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Extensive Cell ◽  
Rate Of Failure ◽  
Selection Of

The pseudotransverse divisions of fusiform initials by which the cambium of conifers is accommodated to increasing girth tend to occur at relatively high rates of frequency. The overproduction of new initials is accompanied by extensive cell loss. The continuation or reduction of fusiform initials after origin in anticlinal division is evidently related to cell length and extent of ray contacts. The largest fusiform initials generally survive and repeat the cycle of elongation and multiplication by pseudotransverse division. The cells of intermediate length continue or fail in varying proportions, the rate of failure tending to rise with increasing frequency of anticlinal division. As a rule the initials with the largest area of ray contacts persist and those with sparse ray contacts decline. The shortest fusiform initials are usually lost, passing off into maturation or undergoing further diminution to ray initials. The continued selection of the longest of the newly formed fusiform initials, which is operative at all stages in tree growth, undoubtedly contributes to the maintenance of an efficient cell length in the secondary vascular tissues.

Correlation of intrusive growth of cambial initials to rearrangement of rays in the vascular cambium

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusiform Initial ◽  
Ray Initials

It is well documented that apical elongation of fusiform cambial initials through extension of their longitudinal edges, and their intrusion between tangential walls of the neighbouring initials and their closest derivatives cause rearrangement of fusiform cells, without increasing the cambial circumference. However, the concurrent rearrangement of rays is not fully understood. This study deals with Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L., possessing a nonstoreyed, storeyed and double-storeyed type of cambium, respectively, and shows that the mechanism for rearrangement of ray initials is similar to the one proposed for fusiform initials, and includes multiplication of ray initials by anticlinal divisions, intrusive growth of ray initials, elimination of ray initials caused by intrusive growth of neighbouring fusiform initials, and transformation of ray initials into fusiform initials. Intrusive growth of a ray initial does not necessarily lead to the formation of a new fusiform initial, as it is dependent on the extent of the intrusive growth taken place. The extent of rearrangement of cambial cells is determined by the intensity of events occurring among the fusiform as well as ray initials. Intrusive growth of these initials does not influence the size of the cambial circumference.

ONTOGENETIC TRENDS IN CONIFER CAMBIUM WITH RESPECT TO FREQUENCY OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION AND CELL LENGTH

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Rapid Sequence ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Late Growth ◽  
Close Interrelationship

Through the growth of the first few years, when the perimeter of the stem is fast expanding, the multiplicative pseudotransverse divisions in fusiform cambial cells occur in relatively rapid sequence, the ratio of survival of newly formed cambial cells is high, and continuous increase in mean cell length ensues. Accommodation of the cambium to circumferential expansion is thus facilitated. With increasing age and diminishing rate of perimeter growth the frequency of pseudotransverse division declines, the survival rate of new-formed cambial initials drops, and increase in cell length slackens. This gradual flattening off may continue through to the final growth, but more often fluctuations in rate of anticlinal division and cell length arise in the middle to late growth, these not always exhibiting close interrelationship. Sometimes high rates of pseudotransverse division occur in the late growth which are accompanied by only moderate reductions in cell length.

CELL LENGTH AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM OF THE SEQUOIAS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells

This report deals with the frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells, cell length at the time of division, and ring width as determined mostly in Sequoia sempervirens. The general relationships between these anatomical features resembled those observed in other conifers, but the frequency of anticlinal division was relatively high and the cells were long. Accordingly, the rate of cambial cell lengthening in the repetitive cycle of anticlinal division and cell elongation was found to exceed that in other conifers. Upward in the lower part of the stem the rate of anticlinal division decreased and cell length increased. A comparatively high rate of anticlinal division was maintained in the peripheral growth of large boles in both species, but cell length was greater in S. sempervirens than in S. gigantea.

Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales; Calamitaceae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Ray Initials

Vascular cambium activity was examined in Arthropitys communis (Binney) Hirmer et Knoell, and A. deltoides Cichan et Taylor, anatomically preserved calamite stems from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky. Developmental characteristics of the meristem were inferred from changes in the size and number of tracheids and ray cells determined from serial tangential sections of the secondary xylem. In A. communis, circumferential enlargement of the cambium seems to have been accommodated primarily by the enlargement of fusiform initials. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is also presented indicating that “marginal” interfascicular ray initials were converted to fusiform initials during the early stages of cambial activity. In A. deltoides, circumferential enlargement of the meristem was accommodated by the enlargement of fusiform initials and by an increase in size and number of interfascicular ray initials. Multiplicative division of the fascicular ray initials appears to have been an important feature of cambial activity in both species. There is no qualitative or quantitative evidence that the number of fusiform initials in either species was augmented by anticlinal division as in extant seed plants.

scholarly journals The Impact of Changing Climate on the Cambial Activity during Radial Growth in Some Citrus Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moin Ahmad Khan ◽  
M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Citrus Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The Impact

This study on radial growth in the stem of Citrus was carried out with an aim to notice the behavior of vascular cambium with respect to climatic and age effects. The fusiform initials vary in length from 137 to 363 μm in C. limon, 100 to 463 μm in C. paradisi, 137 to 413 μm in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and 137 to 375 μm in C. sinensis. The length rises with age, followed by decline and then again increase in C. limon. In C. paradisi, there is increase up to maximum and after decline is soon followed by constancy. In C. reticulata var. kinnow, increase in length from top to base in C. sinensis, increase up to maximum followed by a decline. Swelling of cambial cells occurs in the third week of March in C. limon, last week of March in C. paradisi, third week of April in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and second week of April in C. sinensis. The cambium turns dormant in early October in C. limon, late December in C. paradisi, early December in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and early November in C. sinensis. Thus, the cambium remains active for about 6 months in C. limon and C. sinensis, 9 months in C. paradisi, and 7 months in C. reticulata var. kinnow.

A survey of cell length and frequency of multiplicative divisions in the cambium of conifers

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1585-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
The Common

Study of many species of conifers has revealed certain trends with respect to cell length and rate of anticlinal division in the multiplication of fusiform initials in the cambium. In the stem, rate of anticlinal division tends to be high when annual rings are narrow, and to stabilize at a relatively low level when rings exceed 2 mm in width. Cell length at division is usually greatest when rings are about 1 mm wide, and decreases with both widening and narrowing of the rings from the optimal width. Significant differences occur between species in both rate of anticlinal division and cell length. In general, rate of anticlinal division and cell length are inversely related, but in some species there is wide deviation from the common trend.

SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION, CAMBIAL CELL LENGTH, AND RING WIDTH IN THE GROWTH OF CONIFEROUS TREES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Uniform Ring ◽  
Tree Development

The early growth of a tree is marked by a widening of the annual increments, a deceleration in rate of multiplicative (anticlinal) division of fusiform cambial cells, and an increase in cell length. Distance outward from the pith at which maximation in cell size occurs, and subsequent trends in cell dimensions, are apparently modified by rate of growth. Continuation of a uniform ring width through the middle to late years favors comparative constancy in rate of anticlinal division and cell size during that stage of tree development. Reduction in amount of annual increment in the late growth to the width optimal for cell extension, about 1 mm, induces a delayed and probably heightened maximation in cell length. Continued lessening in radial growth to an annual accretion of 0.5 mm or less, with the onset of senility, results in acceleration in rate of multiplicative division and reduction in cell length.

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