Chlortetracycline and barley papilla formation: localization of calcium and alteration of the response induced by Erysiphe graminis

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 876-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Marshall ◽  
M. G. Smart ◽  
J. R. Aist ◽  
H. W. Israel
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Erysiphe Graminis ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Host Penetration ◽  
Papilla Formation ◽  
Wall Appositions

Previous results had suggested that Ca(H2PO4)2 may be directly inhibitory to host penetration from appressoria of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei and that Ca and P are found in much higher amounts in oversized papillae (resistant to penetration) than in normal papillae (not resistant to penetration). In the present study, chlortetracycline was used as a calcium-selective fluorescent probe to examine the occurrence and distribution of calcium in papillae of barley coleoptile epidermal cells. When stained with chlortetracycline, normal and oversized papillae fluoresced bright yellow, indicating the presence of calcium. Oversized papillae, produced in the presence of calcium phosphate solution, could be either poststained or stained during papilla formation by including chlortetracycline in the incubation medium. Such attempts to stain normal papillae during their formation in the presence of calcium nitrate resulted in the formation of oversized papillae similar in appearance to those produced in the presence of Ca(H2PO4)2; however, penetration from appressoria was not inhibited by chlortetracycline. In some cases, this treatment resulted in the formation of chlortetracycline-fluorescent wall appositions on lower periclinal cell walls far removed from the fungus; these appositions were interpreted as calcium-containing wound plugs. None of the chlortetracycline-associated phenomena were seen without calcium in the incubation medium. These results confirm the occurrence and demonstrate the distribution of calcium in papillae and show that chlortetracycline, like phosphate, can act in conjunction with calcium to enhance secretion of papilla material.

Structure and function of wall appositions. 1. General histochemistry of papillae in barley coleoptiles attacked by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Smart ◽  
James R. Aist ◽  
Herbert W. Israel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Erysiphe Graminis ◽  
Wall Appositions ◽  
And Function

Penetration pegs of Erysiphe graminis D.C. f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal are usually not impeded by normal papillae of barley coleoptiles, whereas oversize papillae are impenetrable to appressoria of the pathogen. We investigated the chemical composition of these papillae and the cell walls by classical histochemistry, in part to extend the fragmented knowledge of these structures and in part to find out if there are differences between normal and oversize papillae which would account for their different efficacies in resisting penetration. These papillae were indistinguishable from one another histochemically and contained protein, carbohydrate other than pectin, and a phenolic which was not lignin. We report also a definitive proof of callose in papillae. They do not contain cutin or suberin. The cell wall did not contain callose or cutin–suberin but did contain protein, pectin, and a phenolic (also not lignin). The results imply that different linkages between molecules in oversize papillae, or some other differences not revealed in this study, are responsible for their ability to prevent fungal penetration.

Calcium phosphate with high specific surface area synthesized by a reverse micro-emulsion method

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Sugiyama ◽  
Shusuke Akiyama ◽  
Toshiyuki Ikoma
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Crystalline Phases ◽  
Emulsion Method ◽  
Micro Emulsion

ABSTRACTA reverse micro-emulsion method has been investigated to control crystal morphology in a nanometer region and to increase specific surface area for calcium phosphate. The nanocrystals with the control of its morphology is a candidate of drug delivery carriers. This study investigated the effects of mixing volume ratios of two surfactants, tween80 (T) and aliquate 336 (A) in kerosene as an oil phase, and pH values in the nano-region on crystalline phases and specific surface area of calcium phosphate synthesized by the reverse micro-emulsion method. A di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate solution including phosphoric acid at pH of 6.3 and a calcium nitrate solution at pH of 5.7 were adjusted, and both the solutions were separately added into the kerosene with the surfactants. Both the emulsions were then mixed at the same volume and the Ca/P ratio of 1.0, and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The crystalline phases were dependent on the T amounts; pure DCPD with the specific surface area of 6.7 to 12 m2/g was obtained at the T/A ratio of 4, the mixture of DCPD and DCPA with that of 48 to 162 m2/g was at the ratios of 5 to 8, and a low crystalline HAp with 163 m2/g was at the ratio of 9. These specific surface areas of DCPD (T/A=4) and HAp (T/A=9) were apparently higher than those prepared with a wet method, 7.8 times and 1.8 times respectively. DCPA with 43 m2/g was successfully produced to decrease the pH of phosphate solution at T/A of 9. The change of crystalline phases would be explained as follows; the increase of T amount decreased the micro-emulsion sizes to reduce bulk water to be DCPA, and increased the pH to precipitate HAp nanocrystals.

Synthesis of Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate by Wet Reaction and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1164-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Beatriz Thürmer ◽  
Rafaela Silveira Vieira ◽  
Juliana Machado Fernandes ◽  
Wilbur Trajano Guerin Coelho ◽  
Luis Alberto Santos
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Cements

Calcium phosphate cements have bioactivity and osteoconductivity and can be molded and replace portions of bone tissue. The aim of this work was to study the obtainment of α-tricalcium phosphate, the main phase of calcium phosphate cement, by wet reaction from calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid. There are no reports about α-tricalcium phosphate obtained by this method. Two routes of chemical precipitation were evaluated and the use of two calcinations temperatures to obtain the phase of cement. The influence of calcination temperature on the mechanical properties of cement was evaluated. Cement samples were characterized by particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, mechanical strength and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate the strong influence of synthesis route on the crystalline phases of cement and the influence of concentration of reactants on the product of the reaction, as well as, on the mechanical properties of cement.

TBP extraction of lanthanides from molten calcium nitrate hydrate

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajimu Yamana ◽  
Hideki Asano ◽  
Toshiyuki Fujii ◽  
Ryuta Goto ◽  
Hirotake Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Extraction Equilibrium ◽  
Nitrate Hydrate

SummaryExtraction equilibrium of lanthanides between tri-butyl phosphate solution and molten calcium nitrate hydrate, which is generally called a hydrate melt, was studied radiochemically. The dependence of the extractions on the water content of the melt was studied at 70 °C in the range of

Epitaxial Relationships in Urolithiasis: The Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate—Hydroxyapatite System

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Meyer ◽  
J. H. Bergert ◽  
L. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Supersaturated Solution ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Epitaxial Relationship ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Seed Crystals

Chemical kinetic data, complemented with scanning electron-microscope observations of the crystalline phase, show that seed crystals of hydroxyapatite have the ability to induce the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals epitaxially from a metastable supersaturated solution of calcium oxalate. The rate of growth of calcium oxalate crystals is dependent on the surface area of the seed material and follows a second-order rate law. It is suggested that there may be a causal relationship between the occurrence of apatite crystals in the urinary tract and the formation of both ‘pure’ and mixed urinary stones containing calcium oxalate. Under similar experimental conditions, however, seed crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate appeared unable to induce epitaxially the growth of calcium phosphate crystals from a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution, indicating the absence of an epitaxial relationship between calcium oxalate monohydrate and the initially precipitating calcium phosphate phase(s).

scholarly journals Effect of Saturation and Post Processing on 3D Printed Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamas D. Szucs ◽  
Dermot Brabazon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Solution ◽  
3D Printed

Three dimensional printing was investigated for fabricating hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite scaffolds using calcium phosphate based ceramics and calcium phosphate cement chemistry. Scaffolds were formed by printing an aqueous sodium phosphate solution on the powder bed consisting of a mixture of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) and calcium hydroxide powders. The sodium phosphate solution was functioning as a binder material and also as the initiator of the wet chemical reaction. Compressive mechanical properties of printed samples were examined as a function of saturation level that was inversely proportional to the powder to liquid ratio. To increase mechanical properties and obtain hydroxyapatite and β-TCP composites, the printed samples were sintered. The effect of sintering parameters including dwell time and sintering temperature were also examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine material composition at different stages of the manufacturing process and to confirm the presence of HA and β-TCP in the final stage. The effect of sintering procedure on the surface topology of the samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Cytological studies of early stages of powdery mildew in barley and wheat. V. Effects of calcium on the infection of coleoptiles of barley by Erysiphe graminis hordei

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (20) ◽  
pp. 2544-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Takamatsu ◽  
Hiroshi Ishizaki ◽  
Hitoshi Kunoh
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Erysiphe Graminis ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Erysiphe Graminis Hordei ◽  
The Times ◽  
Chloride Treatment

Some effects of calcium salts on the infection process of Erysiphe graminis hordei in coleoptiles of barley were investigated. Calcium chloride enhanced the incidence of haustoria but depressed that of papillae. Calcium bromide and calcium nitrate likewise enhanced the incidence of haustoria. Calcium chloride treatment at varied times and with varied durations during incubation after inoculation showed that events occurring in coleoptiles between 9 and 13 h after inoculation were most affected by the treatment. This period included the times that appressoria matured, cytoplasm aggregated, papillae were produced, and haustoria were formed, and the effect of calcium might be associated with one or more of these events.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite by Interfacial Reaction in a Multiple Emulsion

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Reaction ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Multiple Emulsion ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Initial Ph

Interfacial reaction in a multiple emulsion, which is one of methods for producing inorganic microspheres, was applied to synthesize hydroxyapatite. The multiple emulsion was a W/O/W emulsion, made of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate solution as an inner aqueous phase, benzene as an oil phase, and calcium nitrate solution as an outer aqueous phase. The reaction was carried out in the multiple emulsion for 24 hours at 323 K. The crystalline phase was varied with an initial pH of the inner aqueous phase, and single phase hydroxyapatite was synthesized at an initial pH of 12. The products were composed of porous microspheres of less than 3 μm in size. The microspheres were composed of nanospheres of less than 120 nm in size. By considering the mass balance, it was suggested that each nanosphere was formed in an inner aqueous phase droplet.

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