Decomposition of needle litter and its organic chemical components: theory and field experiments. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. III

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2880-2888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berg ◽  
Göran I. Ågren
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Labile Fraction ◽  
Lignin Fraction ◽  
Scots Pine Forest

Scots pine needles were collected and field incubations were begun in the autumn of 6 consecutive years. The incubated needles were sampled three times a year and analysed for mass loss and chemical composition. The longest incubation time obtained was 1825 days. Four series of needles from a nutrition experiment (three levels of nutrient application and one control) sampled at one occasion were followed in the same way for 1448 days. The logarithm of remaining mass versus time of the pooled samples fits a linear regression well (average rate constant = 0.286 year−1, r2 = 0.963, n = 75). A higher resolution shows, however, that the decay rate decreases with time as the chemical composition changes. To better understand the decomposition process we have formulated a mathematical model for the course of mass loss as a system consisting of two fractions, a readily decomposable (labile) one and a refractory one. The mass loss from the two fractions can be direct or mass can be transferred from the refractory to the labile fraction. The model allows us to calculate the variation of the refractory fraction with time (generally there will always be some labile material in the system) and the decrease of the decomposition rate as a function of time or as a function of the concentration of the refractory fraction. We have found it possible to identify the refractory fraction both as the lignin fraction and as the nonsoluble fraction of the needles. The first identification yields a long transient response, whereas the second gives a system rapidly reaching a steady state. In both cases, the decay of the refractory material results in transfer of material to the labile fraction.

Lignin and holocellulose relations during long-term decomposition of some forest litters. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. IV

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2540-2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjorn Berg ◽  
Gunnar Ekbohm ◽  
Charles McClaugherty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Asymptotic Value ◽  
Asymptotic Values ◽  
Scots Pine Forest

We investigated the relative changes in celluloses and lignin during decomposition of leaf and needle litters and wood in field experiments. The litter came from two different forest systems: one in the United States and one in Sweden. We found that the fraction of holocellulose in the total lignocellulose (Q) during decomposition approached an asymptotic value at which the disappearance of both the chemical components proceeded at the same rate. Different litter types approached different asymptotic values of Q. Possible implications of the finding are discussed.

Changes in organic chemical components of needle litter during decomposition. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. I

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1310-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berg ◽  
Kai Hannus ◽  
Thomas Popoff ◽  
Olof Theander
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Pinus Silvestris ◽  
Steryl Esters ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Field Incubation ◽  
Scots Pine Forest ◽  
Soluble Components

The decomposition and organic chemical changes in Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) needle litter were studied for a period of 5 years and until 75% weight loss was reached in field incubation. The changes in components such as various groups of lipophilic extractives, low-molecular carbohydrates, cyclitols, phenolic glycosides, polysaccarides, and lignin were followed. There was a great drop of sugars, steryl esters, and triglycerides during the 1st year of decomposition. Some isoprenoid alcohols, sterols, and some acids belonged to the most stable of the soluble components. Of the solid residue the arabinans decomposed rapidly, the cellulose decomposed somewhat faster than the hemicelluloses as a group, and the lignin decomposed rather slowly (about 48% in 5 years).

scholarly journals Decomposition of Organic Chemical Components in Wood by Tropical Xylaria Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Takashi Osono
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Recalcitrant Compounds ◽  
Initial Content

The ability of Xylaria species obtained from tropical wood and leaf litter to cause a mass loss of lignin and carbohydrates in wood was examined in vitro with pure culture decomposition tests. The mass loss of wood of four tree species caused by nine Xylaria isolates ranged from 4.5% to 28.4% of the original wood mass. These Xylaria isolates have a potential ability to decompose lignin and other recalcitrant compounds, collectively registered as acid unhydrolyzable residues or Klason lignin in wood. The origin of isolates (i.e., isolates from wood versus leaf litter) did not affect the mass loss of acid unhydrolyzable residue in wood. The Xylaria isolates tested generally caused a selective decomposition of polymer carbohydrates in wood in preference to acid unhydrolyzable residue. The mass loss of acid unhydrolyzable residue caused by Xylaria isolates varied with the tree species of the wood and was negatively related to the initial content of acid unhydrolyzable residue in wood, implying the limiting effect of lignin and recalcitrant compounds on wood decomposition by Xylaria isolates.

scholarly journals Litterfall in a Scots Pine Forest on Inland Dunes in Central Europe: Mass, Seasonal Dynamics and Chemistry

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Jasińska ◽  
Piotr Sewerniak ◽  
Radosław Puchałka
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Scots Pine Forest ◽  
North And South ◽  
Inland Dunes ◽  
Litterfall Properties ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Extensive areas of inland dunes are commonly overplanted with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). However, thus far the pine litterfall has not been investigated in detail in Scots pine stands overgrowing the landforms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the mass and chemical composition of litterfall in a dune Scots pine forest, paying special attention to the differences in the properties of the particular categories of litterfall (needles, twigs, bark, cones, residue) occurring in different seasons. The secondary goal of the research was to investigate the possible effect of contrasting slope aspect on litterfall properties. Litterfall was examined for three years on a north- and south-facing dune slope using the litter trap method. The mass and chemical composition (C, N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Al) of each litterfall category was analysed. Average annual mass of litterfall ranged from 322.0 ± 2.6 (slope N) to 361.9 ± 34.2 (slope S) g m−2 year−1. Fluctuations in the annual concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were determined, which was the result of their gradual withdrawal from needles before they were dropped in autumn. Immobile or poorly mobile elements (i.e., Mn, Ca, Fe and Al) were found to be steadily accumulated during the year in fallen tissues. The studied elements can be set in the following order as regards the annual pools which return to a topsoil with litterfall: C > N > Ca > K > Mg > Mn > Al > P > Fe on slope N and C > Ca > N > K > Mg > Al > P > Mn > Fe on slope S. Despite the fact that the residue (seeds etc.) constitutes a much smaller part of the total litterfall mass than the needles, comparable amounts of N, P, K, Al and Fe return to a topsoil with both these categories. The only element for which we determined differences in concentrations regarding slope aspect was Mn: the concentrations were significantly higher for needles, twigs, bark and cones on the N than the S slope.

scholarly journals Soil successions of Carbic Podzols (Arenic) under Scots Pine plantations in Kursk region

2021 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Nikolay Nevedrov ◽  
Maria Fomina ◽  
Galina Smitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Scots Pine Forest ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Kursk Region

Anthropogenic activities lead to significant transformations of natural landscapes. In this article, an attempt was made to describe the soil succession in the context of 100-year dynamics of Scots Pine forest stand in Kursk region. The morphological, physical, chemical and physical and chemical characteristics of sandy podzols in the chronological order of pine forests functioning 0 - 70 - 100 years were under analysis. It was revealed that monodominant forest stand of Scots Pine leads to the transformation of soils at the type level. It is noted that forest stand of Scots Pine on Umbric Podzols contribute to the development of the podzolic process at an average rate of formation of the podzolic horizon - 0.11 - 0.17 sm / year. During the time period of the soil succession (100 years), the thickness of the soil profile has increased and the humus reserves in the profile have increased by 47.1%, as well as a total decrease in the content of mineral nutrients is noted. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Co) in the genetic horizons of Carbic Podzols (Arenic) in the time interval of the succession 70 - 100 years decreases by 21.4 - 71.4%.

Dynamics of nitrogen (15N) in decomposing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle litter. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. VI

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1539-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berg
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Decomposition Process ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Scots Pine Forest

Labelled (15N) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle litter was incubated in one laboratory and two field experiments and the nitrogen dynamics was followed during the decomposition process. Release of the litter's original nitrogen began immediately after the start of the decomposition process. Simultaneously an immobilization of nitrogen to the litter took place. Very little of the actual turnover of nitrogen in the litter, which was considerable, was reflected by the dynamics of total nitrogen. The dynamics of nitrogen in the lignin fraction (acid-insoluble substance) was partly different from that of whole litter. The dynamics of total nitrogen coincided so that a net loss of total nitrogen started simultaneously both in whole litter and in the acid-insoluble fraction. As the amount of acid-insoluble substance increased in the early stage, the amount of 15N associated to this fraction increased and when a net disappearance of acid-insoluble substance started, a net release of 15N from this fraction started simultaneously. This was interpreted to mean that some of the litter's own nitrogen was transformed into compounds that could be incorporated into humic and fulvic acids (e.g., NH3 or amino acids), which were analytically recorded as acid-insoluble substance.

Decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter related to site properties, litter quality, and climate

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1771-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maj-Britt Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Litter Mass ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Wide Range

Decomposition of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) needle litter was studied at 14 sites along a climatic transect through Sweden. The forests encompassed a wide range of the variability in site properties found in the country. The mass loss pattern of litter differed considerably among sites. Mass losses obtained during the 1st year of decomposition varied from 11.1 to 43.7% among sites and showed positive linear correlations with climatic factors as well as site productivity indices. After 2 years, about 60% of the litter mass was decomposed at the majority of sites in the middle and southern parts of the country. Mass losses ranged from 20 to 50% in northern Sweden. During later stages of decomposition, mass losses seemed to be highly dependent on the organic–chemical composition of the litter. For accumulated mass losses up to 65%, the annual mass loss of litter was described as a function of the holocellulose to lignocellulose ratio of the litter. For litter mass losses exceeding 65%, a significant linear relation between litter calcium content and mass loss rate was found. Significant linear relations were also obtained between annual lignin loss and litter calcium content.

Typology of the natural regeneration in a middle-aged Scots pine forest

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. De Schepper
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Forest ◽  
Forest Practice ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

The  study describes the natural regeneration state of a forest on coarse sandy  soils. The natural regeneration was studied in three different ecological  conditions: in 30 to 60 year old Scots pine stands, in a 62 year old mixed  stand of pedunculate oak and red oak, and on the free field.     The analysis of the regeneration groups revealed that the first settler  maintained a dominant social position during the following years after the  settlement. The structural basis is consequently laid out early. This means  that the forest practice has to consider the very first phase of the  regeneration as determining for the following evolution of the regeneration  groups.

Analysis of natural regeneration of Scots pine forest in the high Campine after a fire

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Regeneration Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
Scots Pine Forest

The  study deals with the spontaneous resettlement of a fire area, after  destruction of 600 ha Scots pine forest. The following items have been  examined in particular: the composition of the tree species, the duration of  the regeneration period, the influence of the parent stand, the exposition,  the slope, the treatment, the fire regime and the social differentiation.      The resettlement took place very quickly and over a very short period.  Birch and Scots pine take up 95 % of the stem number. The regeneration result  is precarious, yet mostly good. The parent stand is favourable both to seed  supply and to microclimate, but only over a short distance. The Scots pine  prefers more open and dry areas, whereas birch needs more humidity.     Practice has shown that natural regeneration of Scots pine stands is  possible. The forest treatment, however, is very important. It determines not  only the immediate result of the regeneration, but also the composition and  the structure of the future stand.

scholarly journals The chemical composition of Lessonia berteroana (ex L. nigrescens) in kelp harvest management and open access areas near Coquimbo, Chile

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-267
Author(s):  
J.M. Alonso Vega ◽  
Pedro H. Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Optimal Harvesting ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Pressure Indicators ◽  
Lessonia Berteroana

Lessonia berteroana (ex L. nigrescens) is kelp freely harvested from Open Access Areas (OAA), and to some extent controlled, from Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABR). Harvesting pressures can change population dynamics, mainly in OAAs. In particular, harvesting may alter the chemical components of plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the harvesting effects on the chemical composition of L. berteroana from MEABR and OAA sampled during different seasons (spring and fall) and at two sites (Talquilla and Lagunillas) near Coquimbo (30°S), Chile. The crude protein (13.5 ± 1.0%), total lipids (0.9 ± 0.2%), crude fiber (16.3 ± 1.6%), ash (30.1 ± 1.5%), and nitrogen-free extract (39.2 ± 2.0%) contents of L. berteroana were within reference values for Laminariales species. Population descriptors and chemical analyses showed that harvesting had local effects, rather than being affected by a resource management strategy (OAA vs MEABR). The seasonal anticipator nature of L. berteroana may explain the detected seasonality of it's chemical composition. Regarding functional morphological structures, chemical composition in the fronds was more variable than in the stipes and perennial holdfast, probably since leaves are ephemeral structures susceptible to environmental changes and that play a functional, rather than structural, role in kelp. In the context of Chilean kelp resource management, monitoring chemical composition is useful for determining optimal harvesting periods to local scale and for deciding when commercially valuable compounds, such as alginate, should be extracted. These data also complement harvesting pressure indicators based on L. berteroana demographic parameters.

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